Online Workshop
Note: A GPU-based cloud instance will be provided to each attendee for the duration of this event!!
At 8am PT on the morning of this workshop, we will email the Webinar details to your email address registered with Eventbrite.
If this email address is not up to date - or you do not get the email by 8am PT - please email your Eventbrite confirmation to help@pipeline.ai and we'll send you the details.
http://pipeline.ai
Title
PipelineAI Distributed Spark ML + Tensorflow AI + GPU Workshop
Time
Start: 9am PT Time
End: 1pm PT Time
Highlights
We will each build an end-to-end, continuous Tensorflow AI model training and deployment pipeline on our own GPU-based cloud instance.
At the end, we will combine our cloud instances to create the LARGEST Distributed Tensorflow AI Training and Serving Cluster in the WORLD!
Pre-requisites
Just a modern browser, internet connection, and a good night's sleep! We'll provide the rest.
Agenda
Spark ML
TensorFlow AI
Storing and Serving Models with HDFS
Trade-offs of CPU vs. *GPU, Scale Up vs. Scale Out
CUDA + cuDNN GPU Development Overview
TensorFlow Model Checkpointing, Saving, Exporting, and Importing
Distributed TensorFlow AI Model Training (Distributed Tensorflow)
TensorFlow's Accelerated Linear Algebra Framework (XLA)
TensorFlow's Just-in-Time (JIT) Compiler, Ahead of Time (AOT) Compiler
Centralized Logging and Visualizing of Distributed TensorFlow Training (Tensorboard)
Distributed Tensorflow AI Model Serving/Predicting (TensorFlow Serving)
Centralized Logging and Metrics Collection (Prometheus, Grafana)
Continuous TensorFlow AI Model Deployment (TensorFlow, Airflow)
Hybrid Cross-Cloud and On-Premise Deployments (Kubernetes)
High-Performance and Fault-Tolerant Micro-services (NetflixOSS)
More Info including GitHub and Docker Repos
http://pipeline.ai
CHEAP Call Girls in Pushp Vihar (-DELHI )🔝 9953056974🔝(=)/CALL GIRLS SERVICE
High Performance Distributed TensorFlow in Production with GPUs - NIPS 2017 - LA Big Data Meetup - SoCal PyData Meetup - Dec 2017
1. HIGH PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTED TENSORFLOW
IN PRODUCTION WITH GPUS (AND KUBERNETES)
NIPS CONFERENCE
LOS ANGELES BIG DATA MEETUP
SO-CAL PYDATA MEETUP
DECEMBER 2017
CHRIS FREGLY
FOUNDER @ PIPELINE.AI
2. INTRODUCTIONS: ME
§ Chris Fregly, Founder @ PipelineAI
§ Formerly Netflix, Databricks, IBM Spark Tech
§ Advanced Spark and TensorFlow Meetup
Please Join Our 60,000+ Global Members!!
Contact Me
chris@pipeline.ai
@cfregly
Global Locations
* San Francisco
* Chicago
* Austin
* Washington DC
* Dusseldorf
* London
3. INTRODUCTIONS: YOU
§ Software Engineer, Data Scientist, Data Engineer, Data Analyst
§ Interested in Optimizing and Deploying TF Models to Production
§ Nice to Have a Working Knowledge of TensorFlow (Not Required)
5. PIPELINE.AI IS 100% OPEN SOURCE
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/
§ Please Star 🌟 this GitHub Repo!
§ All slides, code, notebooks, and Docker images here:
https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/gpu.ml
6. PIPELINE.AI OVERVIEW
450,000 Docker Downloads
60,000 Users Registered for GA
60,000 Meetup Members
50,000 LinkedIn Followers
2,200 GitHub Stars
12 Enterprise Beta Users
7. WHY HEAVY FOCUS ON MODEL SERVING?
Model Training
Batch & Boring
Offline in Research Lab
Pipeline Ends at Training
No Insight into Live Production
Small Number of Data Scientists
Optimizations Very Well-Known
Real-Time & Exciting!!
Online in Live Production
Pipeline Extends into Production
Continuous Insight into Live Production
Huuuuuuge Number of Application Users
**Many Optimizations Not Yet Utilized
<<<
Model Serving
100’s Training Jobs per Day 1,000,000’s Predictions per Sec
8. COMPARE MODELS OFFLINE & ONLINE
§ Offline, Batch Metrics
§ Validation + Training Accuracy
§ CPU + GPU Utilization
§ Live Prediction Values
§ Compare Relative Precision
§ Newly-Seen, Streaming Data
§ Online, Real-Time Metrics
§ Response Time, Throughput
§ Cost ($) Per Prediction
10. SETUP ENVIRONMENT
§ Step 1: Browse to the following:
http://allocator.community.pipeline.ai/allocate
§ Step 2: Browse to the following:
http://<ip-address>
§ Step 3: Browse around.
I will provide a Jupyter Username/Password soon.
Need Help?
Use the Chat!
12. HANDS-ON EXERCISES
§ Combo of Jupyter Notebooks and Command Line
§ Command Line through Jupyter Terminal
§ Some Exercises Based on Experimental Features
You May See Errors. Stay Calm. It’s OK!!
13. LET’S EXPLORE OUR ENVIRONMENT
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
01_Explore_Environment
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
15. BREAK Need Help?
Use the Chat!
§ Please Star 🌟 this GitHub Repo!
§ All slides, code, notebooks, and Docker images here:
https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/gpu.ml
16. AGENDA
Part 1: Optimize TensorFlow Training
§ GPUs and TensorFlow
§ Feed, Train, and Debug TensorFlow Models
§ TensorFlow Distributed Cluster Model Training
§ Optimize Training with JIT XLA Compiler
17. SETTING UP TENSORFLOW WITH GPUS
§ Very Painful!
§ Especially inside Docker
§ Use nvidia-docker
§ Especially on Kubernetes!
§ Use the Latest Kubernetes (with Init Script Support)
§ http://pipeline.ai for GitHub + DockerHub Links
19. GPU HALF-PRECISION SUPPORT
§ FP32 is “Full Precision”, FP16 is “Half Precision”
§ Two(2) FP16’s in Each FP32 GPU Core for 2x Throughput!
§ Lower Precision is OK for Approx. Deep Learning Use Cases
§ The Network Matters Most – Not Individual Neuron Accuracy
§ Supported by Pascal P100 (2016) and Volta V100 (2017)
You Can Set
TF_FP16_MATMUL_USE_FP32_COMPUTE=0
on GPU w/ Compute Capability(CC) 5.3+
20. VOLTA V100 (2017) VS. PASCAL P100 (2016)
§ 84 Streaming Multiprocessors (SM’s)
§ 5,376 GPU Cores
§ 672 Tensor Cores (ie. Google TPU)
§ Mixed FP16/FP32 Precision
§ Matrix Dims Should be Multiples of 8
§ More Shared Memory
§ New L0 Instruction Cache
§ Faster L1 Data Cache
§ V100 vs. P100 Performance
§ 12x Training, 6x Inference
21. FP32 VS. FP16 ON AWS GPU INSTANCES
FP16 Half Precision
87.2 T ops/second for p3 Volta V100
4.1 T ops/second for g3 Tesla M60
1.6 T ops/second for p2 Tesla K80
FP32 Full Precision
15.4 T ops/second for p3 Volta V100
4.0 T ops/second for g3 Tesla M60
3.3 T ops/second for p2 Tesla K80
22. § Currently Supports the Following:
§ Tesla K80
§ Pascal P100
§ Volta V100 Coming Soon?
§ TPUs (Only in Google Cloud)
§ Attach GPUs to CPU Instances
§ Similar to AWS Elastic GPU, except less confusing
WHAT ABOUT GOOGLE CLOUD?
23. V100 AND CUDA 9
§ Independent Thread Scheduling - Finally!!
§ Similar to CPU fine-grained thread synchronization semantics
§ Allows GPU to yield execution of any thread
§ Still Optimized for SIMT (Same Instruction Multi-Thread)
§ SIMT units automatically scheduled together
§ Explicit Synchronization
P100 V100
24. GPU CUDA PROGRAMMING
§ Barbaric, But Fun Barbaric
§ Must Know Hardware Very Well
§ Hardware Changes are Painful
§ Use the Profilers & Debuggers
25. CUDA STREAMS
§ Asynchronous I/O Transfer
§ Overlap Compute and I/O
§ Keep GPUs Saturated!
§ Used Heavily by TensorFlow
Bad
Good
Bad
Good
27. LET’S SEE WHAT THIS THING CAN DO!
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
01a_Explore_GPU
01b_Explore_Numba
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
28. AGENDA
Part 1: Optimize TensorFlow Training
§ GPUs and TensorFlow
§ Feed, Train, and Debug TensorFlow Models
§ TensorFlow Distributed Cluster Model Training
§ Optimize Training with JIT XLA Compiler
29. TRAINING TERMINOLOGY
§ Tensors: N-Dimensional Arrays
§ ie. Scalar, Vector, Matrix
§ Operations: MatMul, Add, SummaryLog,…
§ Graph: Graph of Operations (DAG)
§ Session: Contains Graph(s)
§ Feeds: Feed Inputs into Placeholder
§ Fetches: Fetch Output from Operation
§ Variables: What We Learn Through Training
§ aka “Weights”, “Parameters”
§ Devices: Hardware Device (GPU, CPU, TPU, ...)
-TensorFlow-
Trains
Variables
-User-
Fetches
Outputs
-User-
Feeds
Inputs
-TensorFlow-
Performs
Operations
-TensorFlow-
Flows
Tensors
with tf.device(“/cpu:0,/gpu:15”):
31. TENSORFLOW GRAPH EXECUTION
§ Lazy Execution by Default
§ Similar to Spark
§ Eager Execution Now Supported (TensorFlow 1.4+)
§ Similar to PyTorch
§ "Linearize” Execution to Minimize RAM Usage
§ Useful on Single GPU with Limited RAM
32. OPERATION PARALLELISM
§ Inter-Op (Between-Op) Parallelism
§ By default, TensorFlow runs multiple ops in parallel
§ Useful for low core and small memory/cache envs
§ Set to one (1)
§ Intra-Op (Within-Op) Parallelism
§ Different threads can use same set of data in RAM
§ Useful for compute-bound workloads (CNNs)
§ Set to # of cores (>=2)
33. TENSORFLOW MODEL
§ MetaGraph
§ Combines GraphDef and Metadata
§ GraphDef
§ Architecture of your model (nodes, edges)
§ Metadata
§ Asset: Accompanying assets to your model
§ SignatureDef: Maps external to internal tensors
§ Variables
§ Stored separately during training (checkpoint)
§ Allows training to continue from any checkpoint
§ Variables are “frozen” into Constants when preparing for inference
GraphDef
x
W
mul add
b
MetaGraph
Metadata
Assets
SignatureDef
Tags
Version
Variables:
“W” : 0.328
“b” : -1.407
34. SAVED MODEL FORMAT
§ Different Format than Traditional Exporter
§ Contains Checkpoints, 1..* MetaGraph’s, and Assets
§ Export Manually with SavedModelBuilder
§ Estimator.export_savedmodel()
§ Hooks to Generate SignatureDef
§ Use saved_model_cli to Verify
§ Used by TensorFlow Serving
§ New Standard Export Format? (Catching on Slowly…)
35. BATCH NORMALIZATION (2015)
§ Each Mini-Batch May Have Wildly Different Distributions
§ Normalize per Batch (and Layer)
§ Faster Training, Learns Quicker
§ Final Model is More Accurate
§ TensorFlow is already on 2nd Generation Batch Algorithm
§ First-Class Support for Fusing Batch Norm Layers
§ Final mean + variance Are Folded Into Graph Later
-- (Almost) Always Use Batch Normalization! --
z = tf.matmul(a_prev, W)
a = tf.nn.relu(z)
a_mean, a_var = tf.nn.moments(a, [0])
scale = tf.Variable(tf.ones([depth/channels]))
beta = tf.Variable(tf.zeros ([depth/channels]))
bn = tf.nn.batch_normalizaton(a, a_mean, a_var,
beta, scale, 0.001)
36. DROPOUT (2014)
§ Training Technique
§ Prevents Overfitting
§ Helps Avoid Local Minima
§ Inherent Ensembling Technique
§ Creates and Combines Different Neural Architectures
§ Expressed as Probability Percentage (ie. 50%)
§ Boost Other Weights During Validation & Prediction
Perform Dropout
(Training Phase)
Boost for Dropout
(Validation & Prediction Phase)
0%
Dropout
50%
Dropout
38. FEED TENSORFLOW TRAINING PIPELINE
§ Training is Limited by the Ingestion Pipeline
§ THE Number One Problem We See Today
§ Scaling GPUs Up / Out Doesn’t Help
§ GPUs are Heavily Under-Utilized
Tesla K80 Volta V100
39. DON’T USE FEED_DICT!!
§ feed_dict Requires Python <-> C++ Serialization
§ Not Optimized for Production Ingestion Pipelines
§ Retrieves Next Batch After Current Batch is Done
§ Single-Threaded, Synchronous
§ CPUs/GPUs Not Fully Utilized!
§ Use Queue or Dataset APIs
§ Queues are old & complex
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={…}
40. DETECT UNDERUTILIZED CPUS, GPUS
§ Instrument training code to generate “timelines”
§ Analyze with Google Web
Tracing Framework (WTF)
§ Monitor CPU with top, GPU with nvidia-smi
http://google.github.io/tracing-framework/
from tensorflow.python.client import timeline
trace =
timeline.Timeline(step_stats=run_metadata.step_stats)
with open('timeline.json', 'w') as trace_file:
trace_file.write(
trace.generate_chrome_trace_format(show_memory=True))
41. QUEUES
§ More than traditional Queue
§ Uses CUDA Streams
§ Perform I/O, pre-processing, cropping, shuffling, …
§ Pull from HDFS, S3, Google Storage, Kafka, ...
§ Combine many small files into large TFRecord files
§ Use CPUs to free GPUs for compute
§ Helps saturate CPUs and GPUs
42. QUEUE CAPACITY PLANNING
§ batch_size
§ # examples / batch (ie. 64 jpg)
§ Limited by GPU RAM
§ num_processing_threads
§ CPU threads pull and pre-process batches of data
§ Limited by CPU Cores
§ queue_capacity
§ Limited by CPU RAM (ie. 5 * batch_size)
43. DATASET API
tf.Tensor => tf.data.Dataset
Functional Transformations
Python Generator => tf.data.Dataset
Dataset.from_tensors((features, labels))
Dataset.from_tensor_slices((features, labels))
TextLineDataset(filenames)
dataset.map(lambda x: tf.decode_jpeg(x))
dataset.repeat(NUM_EPOCHS)
dataset.batch(BATCH_SIZE)
def generator():
while True:
yield ...
dataset.from_generator(generator, tf.int32)
Dataset => One-Shot Iterator
Dataset => Initializable Iter
iter = dataset.make_one_shot_iterator()
next_element = iter.get_next()
while …:
sess.run(next_element)
iter = dataset.make_initializable_iterator()
sess.run(iter.initializer, feed_dict=PARAMS)
next_element = iter.get_next()
while …:
sess.run(next_element)
TIP: Use Dataset.prefetch() and parallel version of Dataset.map()
44. FUTURE OF DATASET API
§ Replace Queue
§ More Functional Operators
§ Automatic GPU Data Staging
§ Under-utilized GPUs Assisting with Data Ingestion
§ Advanced, RL-based Device Placement Strategies
45. LET’S FEED DATA WITH A QUEUE
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
02_Feed_Queue_HDFS
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
47. BREAK Need Help?
Use the Chat!
§ Please Star 🌟 this GitHub Repo!
§ All slides, code, notebooks, and Docker images here:
https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/gpu.ml
48. LET’S TRAIN A MODEL (CPU)
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
03_Train_Model_CPU
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
49. LET’S TRAIN A MODEL (GPU)
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
03a_Train_Model_GPU
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
50. TENSORFLOW DEBUGGER
§ Step through Operations
§ Inspect Inputs and Outputs
§ Wrap Session in Debug Session
sess = tf.Session(config=config)
sess =
tf_debug.LocalCLIDebugWrapperSession(sess)
51. LET’S DEBUG A MODEL
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
04_Debug_Model
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
52. AGENDA
Part 1: Optimize TensorFlow Training
§ GPUs and TensorFlow
§ Train, Inspect, and Debug TensorFlow Models
§ TensorFlow Distributed Cluster Model Training
§ Optimize Training with JIT XLA Compiler
53. SINGLE NODE, MULTI-GPU TRAINING
§ cpu:0
§ By default, all CPUs
§ Requires extra config to target a CPU
§ gpu:0..n
§ Each GPU has a unique id
§ TF usually prefers a single GPU
§ xla_cpu:0, xla_gpu:0..n
§ “JIT Compiler Device”
§ Hints TensorFlow to attempt JIT Compile
with tf.device(“/cpu:0”):
with tf.device(“/gpu:0”):
with tf.device(“/gpu:1”):
GPU 0 GPU 1
54. DISTRIBUTED, MULTI-NODE TRAINING
§ TensorFlow Automatically Inserts Send and Receive Ops into Graph
§ Parameter Server Synchronously Aggregates Updates to Variables
§ Nodes with Multiple GPUs will Pre-Aggregate Before Sending to PS
Worker0 Worker0
Worker1
Worker0 Worker1 Worker2
gpu0 gpu1
gpu2 gpu3
gpu0 gpu1
gpu2 gpu3
gpu0 gpu1
gpu2 gpu3
gpu0
gpu1
gpu0
gpu0
Single
Node
Multiple
Nodes
55. DATA PARALLEL VS. MODEL PARALLEL
§ Data Parallel (“Between-Graph Replication”)
§ Send exact same model to each device
§ Each device operates on partition of data
§ ie. Spark sends same function to many workers
§ Each worker operates on their partition of data
§ Model Parallel (“In-Graph Replication”)
§ Send different partition of model to each device
§ Each device operates on all data
§ Difficult, but required for larger models with lower-memory GPUs
56. SYNCHRONOUS VS. ASYNCHRONOUS
§ Synchronous
§ Nodes compute gradients
§ Nodes update Parameter Server (PS)
§ Nodes sync on PS for latest gradients
§ Asynchronous
§ Some nodes delay in computing gradients
§ Nodes don’t update PS
§ Nodes get stale gradients from PS
§ May not converge due to stale reads!
57. CHIEF WORKER
§ Chief Defaults to Worker Task 0
§ Task 0 is guaranteed to exist
§ Performs Maintenance Tasks
§ Writes log summaries
§ Instructs PS to checkpoint vars
§ Performs PS health checks
§ (Re-)Initialize variables at (re-)start of training
58. NODE AND PROCESS FAILURES
§ Checkpoint to Persistent Storage (HDFS, S3)
§ Use MonitoredTrainingSession and Hooks
§ Use a Good Cluster Orchestrator (ie. Kubernetes, Mesos)
§ Understand Failure Modes and Recovery States
Stateless, Not Bad: Training Continues Stateful, Bad: Training Must Stop Dios Mio! Long Night Ahead…
59. ESTIMATOR + EXPERIMENT API
§ Supports Keras!
§ Unified API for Local + Distributed
§ Provide Clear Path to Production
§ Enable Rapid Model Experiments
§ Provide Flexible Parameter Tuning
§ Enable Downstream Optimizing & Serving Infra( )
§ Nudge Users to Best Practices Through Opinions
§ Provide Hooks/Callbacks to Override Opinions
60. ESTIMATOR API
§ “Train-to-Serve” Design
§ Create Custom Estimator or Re-Use Canned Estimator
§ Hides Session, Graph, Layers, Iterative Loops (Train, Eval, Predict)
§ Hooks for All Phases of Model Training and Evaluation
§ Load Input: input_fn()
§ Train: model_fn() and train()
§ Evaluate: eval_fn() and evaluate()
§ Performance Metrics: Loss, Accuracy, …
§ Save and Export: export_savedmodel()
§ Predict: predict() Uses the slow sess.run()
https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloudml-samples
/blob/master/census/customestimator/
61. EXPERIMENT API
§ Easier-to-Use Distributed TensorFlow
§ Same API for Local and Distributed (*Theoretically)
§ Combines Estimator with input_fn()
§ Used for Training, Evaluation, & Hyper-Parameter Tuning
§ Distributed Training Defaults to Data-Parallel & Async
§ Cluster Configuration is Fixed at Start of Training Job
§ No Auto-Scaling Allowed, but That’s OK for Training
62. ESTIMATOR & EXPERIMENT CONFIGS
§ TF_CONFIG
§ Special environment variable for config
§ Defines ClusterSpec in JSON incl. master, workers, PS’s
§ Distributed mode ‘{“environment”:“cloud”}’
§ Local: ‘{environment”:“local”, {“task”:{”type”:”worker”}}’
§ RunConfig: Defines checkpoint interval, output directory,
§ HParams: Hyper-parameter tuning parameters and ranges
§ learn_runner creates RunConfig before calling run() & tune()
§ schedule is set based on {”task”:{”type”:…}}
TF_CONFIG=
'{
"environment": "cloud",
"cluster":
{
"master":["worker0:2222”],
"worker":["worker1:2222"],
"ps": ["ps0:2222"]
},
"task": {"type": "ps",
"index": "0"}
}'
63. ESTIMATOR + KERAS
§ Distributed TensorFlow (Estimator) + Easy to Use (Keras)
§ tf.keras.estimator.model_to_estimator()
# Instantiate a Keras inception v3 model.
keras_inception_v3 = tf.keras.applications.inception_v3.InceptionV3(weights=None)
# Compile model with the optimizer, loss, and metrics you'd like to train with.
keras_inception_v3.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(lr=0.0001, momentum=0.9),
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metric='accuracy')
# Create an Estimator from the compiled Keras model.
est_inception_v3 = tf.keras.estimator.model_to_estimator(keras_model=keras_inception_v3)
# Treat the derived Estimator as you would any other Estimator. For example,
# the following derived Estimator calls the train method:
est_inception_v3.train(input_fn=my_training_set, steps=2000)
64. “CANNED” ESTIMATORS
§ Commonly-Used Estimators
§ Pre-Tested and Pre-Tuned
§ DNNClassifer, TensorForestEstimator
§ Always Use Canned Estimators If Possible
§ Reduce Lines of Code, Complexity, and Bugs
§ Use FeatureColumn to Define & Create Features
Custom vs. Canned
@ Google, August 2017
65. ESTIMATOR + DATASET
def input_fn():
def generator():
while True:
yield ...
my_dataset = tf.data.dataset.from_generator(generator, tf.int32)
# A one-shot iterator automatically initializes itself on first use.
iter = my_dataset.make_one_shot_iterator()
# The return value of get_next() matches the dataset element type.
images, labels = iter.get_next()
return images, labels
# The input_fn can be used as a regular Estimator input function.
estimator = tf.estimator.Estimator(…)
estimator.train(train_input_fn=input_fn, …)
67. MULTIPLE HEADS (OBJECTIVES)
§ Single-Objective Estimator
§ Single classification prediction
§ Multi-Objective Estimator
§ One (1) classification prediction
§ One(1) final layer to feed into next model
§ Multiple Heads Used to Ensemble Models
§ Treats neural network as a feature engineering step
§ Supported by TensorFlow Serving
68. LAYERS API
§ Standalone Layer or Entire Sub-Graphs
§ Functions of Tensor Inputs & Outputs
§ Mix and Match with Operations
§ Assumes 1st Dimension is Batch Size
§ Handles One (1) to Many (*) Inputs
§ Metrics are Layers
§ Loss Metric (Per Mini-Batch)
§ Accuracy and MSE (Across Mini-Batches)
69. FEATURE_COLUMN API
§ Used by Canned Estimator
§ Declaratively Specify Training Inputs
§ Converts Sparse to Dense Tensors
§ Sparse Features: Query Keyword, ProductID
§ Dense Features: One-Hot, Multi-Hot
§ Wide/Linear: Use Feature-Crossing
§ Deep: Use Embeddings
70. FEATURE CROSSING
§ Create New Features by Combining Existing Features
§ Limitation: Combinations Must Exist in Training Dataset
base_columns = [
education, marital_status, relationship, workclass, occupation, age_buckets
]
crossed_columns = [
tf.feature_column.crossed_column(
['education', 'occupation'], hash_bucket_size=1000),
tf.feature_column.crossed_column(
['age_buckets', 'education', 'occupation'], hash_bucket_size=1000)
]
71. FEATURE_COLUMN EXAMPLES
§ Continuous + One-Hot + Embedding
deep_columns = [
age,
education_num,
capital_gain,
capital_loss,
hours_per_week,
tf.feature_column.indicator_column(workclass),
tf.feature_column.indicator_column(education),
tf.feature_column.indicator_column(marital_status),
tf.feature_column.indicator_column(relationship),
# To show an example of embedding
tf.feature_column.embedding_column(occupation, dimension=8),
]
72. SEPARATE TRAINING + EVALUATION
§ Separate Training and Evaluation Clusters
§ Evaluate Upon Checkpoint
§ Avoid Resource Contention
§ Training Continues in Parallel with Evaluation
Training
Cluster
Evaluation
Cluster
Parameter Server
Cluster
73. LET’S TRAIN DISTRIBUTED TENSORFLOW
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
05_Train_Model_Distributed_CPU
or 05a_Train_Model_Distributed_GPU
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
75. BREAK Need Help?
Use the Chat!
§ Please Star 🌟 this GitHub Repo!
§ All slides, code, notebooks, and Docker images here:
https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/gpu.ml
76. AGENDA
Part 1: Optimize TensorFlow Training
§ GPUs and TensorFlow
§ Train, Inspect, and Debug TensorFlow Models
§ TensorFlow Distributed Cluster Model Training
§ Optimize Training with JIT XLA Compiler
77. XLA FRAMEWORK
§ XLA: “Accelerated Linear Algebra”
§ Reduce Reliance on Custom Operators
§ Improve Execution Speed
§ Improve Memory Usage
§ Reduce Mobile Footprint
§ Improve Portability
Helps TensorFlow Stay Flexible, Yet Still Performant
78. XLA HIGH LEVEL OPTIMIZER (HLO)
§ HLO: “High Level Optimizer”
§ Compiler Intermediate Representation (IR)
§ Independent of source and target language
§ XLA Step 1 Emits Target-Independent HLO
§ XLA Step 2 Emits Target-Dependent LLVM
§ LLVM Emits Native Code Specific to Target
§ Supports x86-64, ARM64 (CPU), and NVPTX (GPU)
79. JIT COMPILER
§ JIT: “Just-In-Time” Compiler
§ Built on XLA Framework
§ Reduce Memory Movement – Especially with GPUs
§ Reduce Overhead of Multiple Function Calls
§ Similar to Spark Operator Fusing in Spark 2.0
§ Unroll Loops, Fuse Operators, Fold Constants, …
§ Scopes: session, device, with jit_scope():
80. VISUALIZING JIT COMPILER IN ACTION
Before JIT After JIT
Google Web Tracing Framework:
http://google.github.io/tracing-framework/
from tensorflow.python.client import timeline
trace =
timeline.Timeline(step_stats=run_metadata.step_stats)
with open('timeline.json', 'w') as trace_file:
trace_file.write(
trace.generate_chrome_trace_format(show_memory=True))
run_options = tf.RunOptions(trace_level=tf.RunOptions.FULL_TRACE)
run_metadata = tf.RunMetadata()
sess.run(options=run_options,
run_metadata=run_metadata)
82. LET’S TRAIN WITH XLA CPU
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
06_Train_Model_XLA_CPU
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
83. LET’S TRAIN WITH XLA GPU
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
06a_Train_Model_XLA_GPU
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
86. AGENDA
Part 2: Optimize TensorFlow Serving
§ AOT XLA Compiler and Graph Transform Tool
§ Key Components of TensorFlow Serving
§ Deploy Optimized TensorFlow Model
§ Optimize TensorFlow Serving Runtime
87. AOT COMPILER
§ Standalone, Ahead-Of-Time (AOT) Compiler
§ Built on XLA framework
§ tfcompile
§ Creates executable with minimal TensorFlow Runtime needed
§ Includes only dependencies needed by subgraph computation
§ Creates functions with feeds (inputs) and fetches (outputs)
§ Packaged as cc_libary header and object files to link into your app
§ Commonly used for mobile device inference graph
§ Currently, only CPU x86-64 and ARM are supported - no GPU
88. GRAPH TRANSFORM TOOL (GTT)
§ Post-Training Optimization to Prepare for Inference
§ Remove Training-only Ops (checkpoint, drop out, logs)
§ Remove Unreachable Nodes between Given feed -> fetch
§ Fuse Adjacent Operators to Improve Memory Bandwidth
§ Fold Final Batch Norm mean and variance into Variables
§ Round Weights/Variables to improve compression (ie. 70%)
§ Quantize (FP32 -> INT8) to Speed Up Math Operations
91. AFTER STRIPPING UNUSED NODES
§ Optimizations
§ strip_unused_nodes
§ Results
§ Graph much simpler
§ File size much smaller
92. AFTER REMOVING UNUSED NODES
§ Optimizations
§ strip_unused_nodes
§ remove_nodes
§ Results
§ Pesky nodes removed
§ File size a bit smaller
93. AFTER FOLDING CONSTANTS
§ Optimizations
§ strip_unused_nodes
§ remove_nodes
§ fold_constants
§ Results
§ Placeholders (feeds) -> Variables*
(*Why Variables and not Constants?)
94. AFTER FOLDING BATCH NORMS
§ Optimizations
§ strip_unused_nodes
§ remove_nodes
§ fold_constants
§ fold_batch_norms
§ Results
§ Graph remains the same
§ File size approximately the same
95. AFTER QUANTIZING WEIGHTS
§ Optimizations
§ strip_unused_nodes
§ remove_nodes
§ fold_constants
§ fold_batch_norms
§ quantize_weights
§ Results
§ Graph is same, file size is smaller, compute is faster
96. WEIGHT QUANTIZATION
§ FP16 and INT8 Are Smaller and Computationally Simpler
§ Weights/Variables are Constants
§ Easy to Linearly Quantize
97. LET’S OPTIMIZE FOR INFERENCE
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
07_Optimize_Model*
*Why just CPU version? Why not GPU?
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
99. ACTIVATION QUANTIZATION
§ Activations Not Known Ahead of Time
§ Depends on input, not easy to quantize
§ Requires Additional Calibration Step
§ Use a “representative” dataset
§ Per Neural Network Layer…
§ Collect histogram of activation values
§ Generate many quantized distributions with different saturation thresholds
§ Choose threshold to minimize…
KL_divergence(ref_distribution, quant_distribution)
§ Not Much Time or Data is Required (Minutes on Commodity Hardware)
101. LET’S OPTIMIZE FOR INFERENCE
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
08_Optimize_Model_Activations
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
103. AGENDA
Part 2: Optimize TensorFlow Serving
§ AOT XLA Compiler and Graph Transform Tool
§ Key Components of TensorFlow Serving
§ Deploy Optimized TensorFlow Model
§ Optimize TensorFlow Serving Runtime
104. MODEL SERVING TERMINOLOGY
§ Inference
§ Only Forward Propagation through Network
§ Predict, Classify, Regress, …
§ Bundle
§ GraphDef, Variables, Metadata, …
§ Assets
§ ie. Map of ClassificationID -> String
§ {9283: “penguin”, 9284: “bridge”}
§ Version
§ Every Model Has a Version Number (Integer)
§ Version Policy
§ ie. Serve Only Latest (Highest), Serve Both Latest and Previous, …
105. TENSORFLOW SERVING FEATURES
§ Supports Auto-Scaling
§ Custom Loaders beyond File-based
§ Tune for Low-latency or High-throughput
§ Serve Diff Models/Versions in Same Process
§ Customize Models Types beyond HashMap and TensorFlow
§ Customize Version Policies for A/B and Bandit Tests
§ Support Request Draining for Graceful Model Updates
§ Enable Request Batching for Diff Use Cases and HW
§ Supports Optimized Transport with GRPC and Protocol Buffers
106. PREDICTION SERVICE
§ Predict (Original, Generic)
§ Input: List of Tensor
§ Output: List of Tensor
§ Classify
§ Input: List of tf.Example (key, value) pairs
§ Output: List of (class_label: String, score: float)
§ Regress
§ Input: List of tf.Example (key, value) pairs
§ Output: List of (label: String, score: float)
108. MULTI-HEADED INFERENCE
§ Inputs Pass Through Model One Time
§ Model Returns Multiple Predictions:
1. Human-readable prediction (ie. “penguin”, “church”,…)
2. Final layer of scores (float vector)
§ Final Layer of floats Pass to the Next Model in Ensemble
§ Optimizes Bandwidth, CPU/GPU, Latency, Memory
§ Enables Complex Model Composing and Ensembling
109. BUILD YOUR OWN MODEL SERVER
§ Adapt GRPC(Google) <-> HTTP (REST of the World)
§ Perform Batch Inference vs. Request/Response
§ Handle Requests Asynchronously
§ Support Mobile, Embedded Inference
§ Customize Request Batching
§ Add Circuit Breakers, Fallbacks
§ Control Latency Requirements
§ Reduce Number of Moving Parts
#include
“tensorflow_serving/model_servers/server_core.h”
class MyTensorFlowModelServer {
ServerCore::Options options;
// set options (model name, path, etc)
std::unique_ptr<ServerCore> core;
TF_CHECK_OK(
ServerCore::Create(std::move(options), &core)
);
}
Compile and Link with
libtensorflow.so
110. RUNTIME OPTION: NVIDIA TENSOR-RT
§ Post-Training Model Optimizations
§ Specific to Nvidia GPU
§ Similar to TF Graph Transform Tool
§ GPU-Optimized Prediction Runtime
§ Alternative to TensorFlow Serving
§ PipelineAI Supports TensorRT!
111. AGENDA
Part 2: Optimize TensorFlow Serving
§ AOT XLA Compiler and Graph Transform Tool
§ Key Components of TensorFlow Serving
§ Deploy Optimized TensorFlow Model
§ Optimize TensorFlow Serving Runtime
112. SAVED MODEL FORMAT
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
09_Deploy_Optimized_Model
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
113. AGENDA
Part 2: Optimize TensorFlow Serving
§ AOT XLA Compiler and Graph Transform Tool
§ Key Components of TensorFlow Serving
§ Deploy Optimized TensorFlow Model
§ Optimize TensorFlow Serving Runtime
114. REQUEST BATCH TUNING
§ max_batch_size
§ Enables throughput/latency tradeoff
§ Bounded by RAM
§ batch_timeout_micros
§ Defines batch time window, latency upper-bound
§ Bounded by RAM
§ num_batch_threads
§ Defines parallelism
§ Bounded by CPU cores
§ max_enqueued_batches
§ Defines queue upper bound, throttling
§ Bounded by RAM
Reaching either threshold
will trigger a batch
115. ADVANCED BATCHING & SERVING TIPS
§ Batch Just the GPU/TPU Portions of the Computation Graph
§ Batch Arbitrary Sub-Graphs using Batch / Unbatch Graph Ops
§ Distribute Large Models Into Shards Across TensorFlow Model Servers
§ Batch RNNs Used for Sequential and Time-Series Data
§ Find Best Batching Strategy For Your Data Through Experimentation
§ BasicBatchScheduler: Homogeneous requests (ie Regress or Classify)
§ SharedBatchScheduler: Mixed requests, multi-step, ensemble predict
§ StreamingBatchScheduler: Mixed CPU/GPU/IO-bound Workloads
§ Serve Only One (1) Model Inside One (1) TensorFlow Serving Process
§ Much Easier to Debug, Tune, Scale, and Manage Models in Production.
116. LET’S DEPLOY OPTIMIZED MODEL
§ Navigate to the following notebook:
10_Optimize_Model_Server
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/
gpu.ml/notebooks
117. AGENDA
Part 0: Introductions and Setup
Part 1: Optimize TensorFlow Training
Part 2: Optimize TensorFlow Serving
118. THANK YOU! QUESTIONS?
§ https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/
§ Please Star 🌟 this GitHub Repo!
§ All slides, code, notebooks, and Docker images here:
https://github.com/PipelineAI/pipeline/tree/master/gpu.ml
Contact Me
chris@pipeline.ai
@cfregly