1. Adjectives and adverbs Adjectives modify nouns. A beautiful day An interesting idea Adverbs modify verbs by telling us how we do something. She works quietly. They write clearly. Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjective. easy - easily careful – carefully nice - nicely A few words, like fast, hard, late and low, take the same form as both adjectives and adverbs. It was a late movie. I stayed out late. She had a hard time. She studied hard.

2. Forming adverbs from adjectives Many adverbs are formed by simply adding – ly to an adjective: Adjective Adverb beautiful beautifully careless carelessly cautious cautiously courteous courteously joyous joyously quick quickly

3. Forming adverbs from adjectives If an adjective ends in – y if often changed to i before the – ly is added: Adjective Adverb angry angrily easy easily guilty guiltily happy happily hasty hastily shabby shabbily

4. Forming adverbs from adjectives If an adjective ends in – le, the – le is dropped before – ly is added: Adjective Adverb capable capably comfortable comfortably miserable miserably simple simply

5. Rules In general: adjective + -ly adjective example slow slowly Exceptions in spelling exception example Silent ‘e’ is dropped in true, due, whole true -> truly y becomes i happy -> happily le after a consonant is dropped sensible -> sensibly After ll only add y full -> fully

6. Rules Adjectives ending in – ic : adjective + - ally (exception: public- publicy) adjective adverb fantastic fantastically Adjectives ending in – ly : use ‘in a … way / manner’ or another adverb with similar meaning adjective adverb friendly in a friendly way in a friendly manner likely probably

7. Exceptions Adjective Adverb (meaning) Adverb (meaning) good well difficult with difficulty public publicy deep deep (place) deeply (feeling) direct direct directly (=soon) hard hard hardly (=seldom) high high (place) highly (figurative) late late lately (=recently) most most mostly (=usually) near near nearly (=almost) pretty pretty (=rather) prettily short short shortly (=soon) The following adjectives are also used as adverbs (without moficication) daily, enough, nearly, far, fast, hourly, little, long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly …

11. Activity IV. Read the corresponding words and change them to adverbs taking the rules into consideration. 1. brave 2. competent 3. good 4. bitter 5. angry 6. easy 7. happy 8. simple 9. capable 10. comfortable 11. hasty 12. nice 13. clean 14. dirty 15. rapid