1. PERIOD IV
1450-1750
Age of Exploration
Start of Political Revolutions
AP WORLD HISTORY REVIEW
Smithtown High School West

2. Overall Themes
Absolutism – centralized government
Global Trade
Consumerism (3 S’s)
Rise of Europe
Coercive Labor
Religious Rivalry
Decline of Nomads
Brainstorm: Use the “global outlook”
map. What is going on in the world in
Period 4?

3. Ming Dynasty
► 1368-1644
► Ruled world’s most
populous state
► Restored ethnic
Chinese rule after
400 years’ foreign
domination
http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/

4. Founder
► Zhu Yuanzhang
► Military commander in revolt
against Mongols
► Became Hongwu emperor
► Removed chief minister position
► Established a bureaucracy
► Developed Imperial City and the
Forbidden City
► Killed rivals, ruled through terror
(public beatings)
► Chose imperial wives from humble
families
Censored writings
http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/history-Ming-emperors.html
►

5. Peak of cultural grandeur & elegance
► Confucianism revived Zhuxi
(Neoconfucian)
► Civil service exams
reinstated, expanded
► Return to scholar-gentry
dominance
Kaifeng

6. Culture
► Principal strength in
1500s-1600s
► Art & literature
 Novels
► Silk
► Porcelain
http://www.jozan.net/Artikelbilleder/MTA2003/Textile17ct-Ming-noah1_gr.jpg

7. Foreign relations:
Most dynamic dynasty
► 1300s-1400s: active in conquering
neighbors
► Population growth based on new
crops
► Chinese goods like paper,
porcelain, and silks were in demand
throughout Asia and Europe.
Europeans were allowed to come to
Macao and Canton to do business.
► Active traders in Indian Ocean
(major ports were Hangzhou,
Quangzhou, and Guangzhou).
Traded for silver with Europe and
Japan.
Ming peasant with wheelbarrow

8. Voyages of discovery
► Zheng He
► Mongol, eunuch
► 7 naval voyages, 1405-1433

9. Compared to Europeans
► Zheng He’s ships 400 feet long
► Santa Maria 85 feet

10. Why did they stop?
► Interesting but not
practical
 Giraffes, zebras
► Glamorous but
expensive
► Merchants opposed—
China is rich already
► Scholar gentry opposed
► waste of money
► threat to their power
► Confucian bias against
merchants & trade

11. Fall of Ming
► Poor leadership
► Internal corruption
► Peasant revolts
► Manchu (Northern nomads) invaded
 Founded Qing dynasty
http://www.regenttour.com/china/history/qing.htm

12. Qing Dynasty 1644-1912
► Last dynasty
 Kangxi Emperor
►1654-1722

13. Japan
► Governed since 1100s by shogunates
 Military governments
► 1300-early 1400s
 Order breaking down
 Independent feudal states in conflict

14. Nobunaga (1534-1582)
► One of first daimyos
 Innovative & fierce
 Extensive use of
firearms
► After his defeat, his
generals gained
control of Japan
► Toyotomi Hideyoshi
(1536-1598)
http://www.wicknet.org/history/togden/Chapters/Chapter%208%20and%209/Chapters%208%20and%209%20Pictures/hideyoshi.jpg

15. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)
► 1stof 15 Tokugawa
shoguns 1603
 Capital at Edo
(Tokyo)
 Brought all daimyos
under his authority
 Civil wars ended
http://samourais.free.fr/S_HistoireJapon.html

16. “The nightingale does not sing!”
► Nobunaga
 “ We will kill
it.”
► Toyotomi Hideyoshi
 “ We will wait.”
► Tokugawa Ieyasu
 “ We will teach
it.”
http://www.uccash.com/graphics.htm

17. Tokugawa
years
► Great Peace
through
dictatorship
► Monopoly on
gunpowder
technology
► Rigid class
system
http://www.hogaku.it/storia/azuchi_momoyama/map2.gif

18. Restricted Europeans’ access to Japan
► 1500s: Portuguese,
Spanish Dutch arrived
► Traders &
missionaries
 Francis Xavier
► By 1614, up to
300,000 converts
 10% of population
► http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/Printable.asp?ID=3993
“Portuguese arrive in Japan”
Thomas Kostecki http://www.kostecki.de/en/chegada.htm

19. Shoguns distrusted Christianity
► Restrictions began
1580s
 Missionaries ordered to
leave
 1590s persecution
began
 Banned 1614
Monument to
Nagasaki martyrs
http://cue.stanford.edu/journal/entry.cgi?index=382

20. 1649 Japan closed to foreigners
► By 1630s, Japanese
ships forbidden to sail
overseas
► Only Nagasaki open to
foreign merchants
 Dutch post on Deshima
Island
► Western books banned
http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/images/deshima.jpg

21. Shogunate’s accomplishments
► Peace restored
► Population grew
► Roads, canals, internal economy grew
► Tokugawas dynamic through mid-1700s
 Inflexibility
 Mid-1800s: Japan forced open by foreign powers (U.S.
Commodore Perry)
 Tokugawa rule ended 1868

22. The Rise and Decline of the
Gunpowder Empires
Mughal and Ottoman Empires
1450-1750

23. Rise of Mughal India /
Major Leaders
Babur (r. 1526-1530)
• Military general who led his people to victory
• Writer, loved music and art
• Did little to administer the empire
Akbar (r. 1556-1605)
• Great military commander
• Expanded the dynasty to twice the size of what it was
• Reformed government
• Accepted Hinduism –
•allowed intermarriage, no tax on non-Muslims, Hindus allowed high
gov’t positions, allowed Hindu temples to be built
• Created the Din-i-Ilahi

24. Major Leaders
Jahangir (r.1605-1627)
• Patron of the arts
• Not the best ruler
• Jahangir indulged in courtly luxuries, such as opium
• Strong political and artistic influence of his wife, queen Nur Jahan
Shah Jahan (r.1628-1658)
• Patron of the arts
• Taj Mahal for his wife
Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)
• Restored Jaziya, the tax on non-Muslims.
• Razed temples, built mosques on their foundations.
• Forbade building of new temples, banned music at court,
abolished ceremonies

25. Mughal Military Power
► Massive armies, cavalry, artillery, no navy
► Firearms purchased from Europeans,
limited local production
► Troops poorly trained – conscripted from
poor

26. Form of Government
• Emperor had absolute power
• Vazirs – royal officials
• Patrons of the arts
• Wives of emperors gained power
• Anyone could gain high office

27. Religious Beliefs / Policy
• Belief in God – Islamic
• Muslim and Hindu subjects
• Akbar and the Din-i-Ilahi faith
• Aurangzeb – Did not tolerate Hindus

28. Major Achievements
•Enormous army
• Cotton textiles
• Polo
• Artwork – influence from Europe
• Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Akbar’s Tomb
• Literature: Baburnama (literally: "Book of Babur“)

29. • Emperors neglect people
• Bureaucracy was corrupt
• Army backwards in technology and tactics
• High taxes on people
• Lack of tolerance for Hinduism
• Tried to conquer all of India
• Peasant uprisings
• European intervention

31. Ottoman Rise
► Void left by Mongols taken
up by Ottomans
► Osman led group of Turks
in the Anatolian Peninsula
► Cavalry, Janissaries
dominate along with a
strong naval fleet
► Conquer Constantinople,
make it their capital
► Considered the “terror of
Europe”

32. Ottoman Military Might
► Adopted firearms readily – easily defeated
Muslim rivals, Hungary
► Initially they had superior technology
► 15th Century - Build navy to ward off
Europeans, gain control of Mediterranean
(Significance?)

33. Major Leaders
Mehmet II
Mehmet II: 1444-1481- Called “The Conqueror”
• 1453 – 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople
and conquered the Byzantine Empire.
• Renamed city Istanbul and made it the capital.
• The Topkapi Palace “Iron Gate”
“What a city we have given to plunder and
destruction.”
Turks vs
Europeans

34. Major Leaders
Suleyman the Magnificent
Suleyman: (1520-1566) – The Greatest Sultan
• Expanded Empire into Romania, Hungary, and parts
of Austria.
• Turkish Naval Fleet rules the eastern Mediterranean
• Patron of the arts, built bridges, public baths, schools
and mosques.
Major
Achievement
The Suleimaniye
Mosque

35. The Ottoman Centralized Bureaucracy
Process of succession
was not distinct –
Led by Sultan –
Absolute power SULTAN could cause conflict
Chief minister, or
GrandVizier adviser, to the Sultan
Provincial Governors (Beys) Viziers Heads of
And Military elite - Individual
The Janissaries Religious Millets
Local Administrators Muslims Jews
& Military
Christians
Landowners /
Tax Collectors Who do you think
Positions were based
had the real power?
on merit, not birth.

36. Religious Beliefs and Policies
• Ottomans were Sunni Muslims
• Sultans claimed the title of Caliph – guided and
maintained Islamic Law
• Religious advisors – Ulema – set up schools
• Tolerant of Non-Muslims
• Non-Muslims had to pay a tax, Jiyza,
but could freely practice religion
• Janissaries protected religious
minority
Conversations between
Christians and Muslims

37. Social Structure/Role of
• Four main Occupational Women
Classes: peasants,
artisans, merchants, pastoral peoples.
• Merchants were most privileged, exempt
from taxes and gov’t regulations.
• Women treated better
than other Islamic states
(Turkish traditions)
• Could own and inherit
property
• Were not forced to marry
and could seek a divorce
• Some gained political
power as officials and
governors

38. Major Achievements
Islamic
• Restored city of Calligraphy
Constantinople (Istanbul)
• Turned Hagia Sophia into
a Mosque
Prayer rugs and
textiles
Bazaars,
hospitals, Scholars in astronomy and
ceramics, medicine. (Galata
silk Observatory, 1557)

39. Decline of
Ottoman Empire
• The Siege of Vienna –
Suleyman’s forces were
turned back in 1529
• The Battle of Lepanto,
1571
• Major naval battle
between Spanish and
Ottomans
• Spanish victory gave
hope to Christian empires
that Turks could be
stopped.

40. Decline of Ottoman
Empire
• Sultans lose power to Vizier’s
and Janissaries
• Vague process of succession
• Internal government corruption
• Economy suffered
• Empire became • Silk Road Trade
too large to control monopoly ended –
• Loss of loyalty – European water
no more land to routes
conquer and give • Inflation due influx
away of silver
• Lack of military • Did not industrialize
technology – craft guilds

41. Age of Exploration and the Rise of
Europe

42. Motivation
Iberian Northern European
Gold – Wealth and prestige for Gold – Wealth for individual
the crown and trading company
Glory – Glory for their nation, Calvinists – wealth was a sign
Individual Glory and of God’s good grace.
fame
Glory – Individual fame and
God – Great Missionary Spirit fortune
to justify actions and
God – Search for religious
gain new followers
freedom (Puritans were
Need for new forms of revenue persecuted)
Take over trade from
Competition developed with
Muslims and Italians who
Iberian nations
dominated Mediterranean

43. How did it all start?
1. Crusades led to increased trade between Europe and the
Middle East.
2. The Ottoman Empire controlled the trade routes to the east.
The Europeans were forced to seek alternative trade routes to
Asia.
How will the
Europeans get
around the
Ottomans?

44. Location
Iberian
Portugal
- Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of
Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa
- Vasco Da Gama established an all water
route to India
- Seized port cities, or trading enclaves,
like Goa, Malacca, Mombasa, and
Canton
- Brazil was founded by Pedro Cabral in
1500 In the early 1400s,
the Portuguese led
- Had a monopoly on trade in the Indian
Ocean until the Dutch arrived in the the way
1600s.

45. Location
Iberian
The success of Portuguese explorations
led Spain to begin its own voyages.
- Columbus discovered the Americas for Spain. Sent
conquistadors to Central and South America
- Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean
- Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the globe,
Spain settled Philippines
- Cortes conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico
- Pizarro conquered the Inca empire along the Andes
Mountains in Peru.

46. The Spaniards attack
the Aztecs
The Spaniards
capture the Inca King

47. Location
Northern European
Dutch and British
- Northern areas of the Americas –
settlements and search for a “north-west
passage.”
- Caribbean Islands – Sugar islands
- British controlled Port villages in India –
Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta
1707 map of Japan
- Dutch – Trade routes and colonies in S.E.
that depicts
Asia: Indonesia, Strait of Malacca, Japan,
and China (Only European nation allowed William Adams’
to trade with Japan) visit with
- British later replace Dutch (New York,
Tokugawa Ieyasu in
South Africa, India, Malacca) 1600

48. Oversight Institution
Iberian Northern European
The Crown – Monarch and Trading companies received
Church received 20% of charters from King
profits! Mercantilism.
East and West India Companies
Relied of King and Pope to develop – Privately funded
make decisions. Resulted in ventures with goal of
slow, ineffective process of making a profit.
rule
Mercantilism existed, but
Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494: development of capitalism
Pope made decision to split began.
New World possessions into
Decisions can be made much
spheres of interest between
faster by the settlers:
Spain and Portugal.
Mayflower Compact

49. European Empires: 1660

50. Impact of Exploration
Positive Effects:
• New trade: led to weakening of the feudal system, rise
in Middle Class, and population growth in Europe.
• Animals: horses, cattle, chicken, sheep were brought
to New World
• Global Trade: Truly Global Trade! Emerged resulting in
cultural diffusion Colonies developed and settled by
Europeans searching for freedom and opportunity
The World in 1400
1600

51. Negative Effects:
• Massive Destruction: Millions of natives died due to
disease brought by Europeans, or by colonization.
• Mercantilism: economic policy that created a favorable
balance of trade for the parent country.
• Colonies: served as a source for raw materials, and as an
exclusive market for the parent country.

52. Atlantic Slave Trade: Africans faced a diaspora, or forced
movement of its people, as slavery became the dominant
labor force in the Americas.
The Triangle Trade

53. Africa
► Forced migration of over 15 million people
► African kingdoms reorient their economies
to do business with Europeans (guns for
slaves)
► Benin, Asante, Kongo
► Centralized
► East Africa
 Swahili trading cities
 Trade with Ottomans – ivory, gold, silver, people

54. Americas 1450-1750
► Conquest – arrival of Spanish in western
hemisphere
► Population impacts: disease, racial intermingling
(Castas system)
 Peninsulare, Creole, Mestizo, Mulatto,
African, Native American and Zambos
► Columbian exchange
► Colonial societies
► Encomienda System

55. Empires: Russia
► Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification and
development
► Increasing absolutist rule and territorial expansion by
16th Century – Ivan the Terrible
► Multicultural Empire
► Boyars, Cossacks, serfs
► Role of Russian Orthodox Church
► Peter the Great accelerated westernization process

56. Land Based Empire vs.
Sea Based Empires

57. Land Based Sea Based
► Self-defense extremely important ► Few strategic concerns
► Ottoman, Russian, Mughal, Ming
► Spain, Portugal, England
► Relatively Large
► Relatively Small
► Expensive
 Focused on agriculture and not
► Self-sufficient
industry ► Settled in profitable areas
► Many were located in arid & uninhabitable
area
► Involved in forced labor
 Increasingly brutal
► Involved in forced labor
► Power was centralized ► Power “divided” amongst
► Between 1500 and 1800 had the lands
largest administrative and ► Benefited from private
economic systems because they investors or joint-stock
were more of a threat to each companies
other

58. Cultural and Intellectual
Development
► Scientific Revolution
► Enlightenment
► Patronage of the Arts

59. Comparisons
Be able to compare the following:
► Imperial systems: European monarchy
vs. a land-based Asian empire
► Coercive labor systems
► Empire building in Asia, Africa and
Europe
► Russia’s interaction with the west
compared to others

60. Do You Know Your Stuff?
Using the regions below, explain how each exemplifies
the ‘Big Picture’ themes of the time period.
Ming China - Tokugawa Japan - Ottoman Empire -
Mughal Empire - Western Europe - Africa -
Americas - Russia
Absolutism
Global Trade
Consumerism (3 S’s)
Rise of Europe
Coercive Labor
Religious Rivalry
Decline of Nomads