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MGASULIRANINGPANGKAPALIGIRAN
SA ASYA
MAHALAGANG MAPANATILI NATINANG
EKOLOHIKAL NABALANSE NG ATING
MUNDO.MALAKING PAGBABAGO ANG MANGYAYARI
SA LAHAT NG MGA URI NG BUHAY SA MUNDO KUNG
MANGYARING ITO’Y HINDI BALANSE.
Ang pagkakaiba-ibaatpagiging katangi-tangi
ng lahatng anyo ng buhay na bumubuosa
naturalna kalikasanay tinatawagna
biodiversity.Ang Asya, bilang
pinakamalakingkontinente sa buong
mundo, ay itinuturingna pangunahing
pinag-mumulan ng globalbiodiversity.
Ngunithabangangmga bansa sa Asya ay
patuloyna papunta sa kaunlaran,
kasabay din nitoayang pagsulpotng
mga su-liraning ekolohikalat
pangkapaligiran bunsodnghindi
mapigilangpag-unladngekonomiyaat
ang patuloy napaglaki ngpopulasyon.
Ang mgabansang Asyano sa ngayon ay humaharapsa
masalimuotna interaksyon ngmga isyungpanlipuan,
pulitikal,ekonomiya, at pangkapaligiran.Ang
masusingugnayanat pagbabalika-tanngbawat isa sa
loob ngisang bansa, at sa pag-itanngbawat bansa ay
maha-lagaupang makapagbalangkasat
makapagpatupad ngakmangsolusyon sa mga
suliraningito.
Desertification– ito ay tumutukoy sa
pagkasirang lupainsa mga rehiyong
bahagyangtuyo o lubhangtuyo.
Salinization– pagigingmaalatng tubig
Habitat – tirahan ng mga hayop at ibapang
mga bagay
Hinterlands – malayonglugar, malayosa
mga urbanisadonglugar
EcologicalBalance– balanseng ugnayansa
pagitanng mga bagay na may buhay atang
kanilangkapaligi-ran
Deforestation – pagkaubos at pagkawalang
mga punungkahoysa mga gubat
Siltation– parami at padagdag nadeposito ng
banliknadala ng umaagos natubig sa isang
lugar.
RedTide – sanhi ng dinoflagellatesna
lumulutangsaibabawngdagat
1. PAGKASIRA NG LUPA
DESERTIFICATION
-TUMUTUKOYITO SA PAGKASIRA NG LUPAIN SA MGA REHIYONG
BAHAGYANG TUYO OLUBHANG TUYO NA KAPAG LUMAON AY
HAHANTONG SA PERMANENTENG PAGKAWALA NG
KAPAKINABANGAN O PRODUCTIVITY NITO TULAD NG
NARARANASAN SAILANG BAHAGI NG CHINA, JORDAN,
IRAQ,LEBANON, SYRIA,YEMEN, INDIA AT PAKISTAN.
MGA DAHILAN NG PAGKASIRA NG LUPA
A. SALINIZATION
- NANUNUOT ANG TUBIG ALAT SA MGA ILOG
B. ALKALINIZATION
-TUMUTUKOYSA PORSIYENTO NG “ALKALI” SA LUPA
NAGAGANAP KAPAG MALI ANG PROSESO NG
IRIGASYON (PAGSUSUPLAY NG TUBIGSA MGA
LUGAR NA TUYO O WALANG TUBIG)
C. OVERGRAZING
-PAGKASIRA NG HALAMAN O VEGETATION NG
ISANG LUGAR –DAHIL DITO ANG KAPASIDAD
NG DAMUHAN AY HINDI SAPAT SA LAKI NG
KAWAN NG MGA HAYOP (HAL. ANG NAGYAR
SA HILAGANG IRAQ, SAUDI ARABIA, OMAN)
URBANIZATION
DAHILAN
-MIGRASYON
-PAGNANAIS NG KAUNLARAN
EPEKTO
-NAKAKAAPEKTOSA KAPALIGIRAN
-NAGDUDULOT NG KAUGNAY NA PROBLEMA GAYA
NG KAHIRAPAN
-PAGDAMI NG MAHIHIRAP NA LUGAR
-PANGANIB SA KALUSUGAN
-KRIMEN
-POLUSYON
A.NOISEPOLLUTION
-STRESS
-NAKAKADAGDAGNG PAGOD
-NAKAKABINGI
B. POLUSYONSA TUBIG
C. POLUSYON SA LUPA
D. POLUSYON SA HANGIN
PROBLEMA SA SOLID WASTE
DAHILAN
-PAGLAKAS NG INDUSTRIYA
-WALANG MAAYOS NA PASILIDAD PARASA
MGA BASURA(HINDI MAAYOS NA
PANGANGASIWA NG BASURA)
EPEKTO
-PAGKONTAMINA O PAGKADUMI NG
HANGIN,
-PAGKONTAMINA SA LUPA(KAPAG
NANUOT SA LUPA ANG MGA MAASIDO AT
DI-ORGANIKONG MATERYALNITO)
-PROBLEMANGPANGKALUSUGAN
-PROBLEMANG EKOHOLIKALSA
KALIKASAN
POLUSYON
DAHILAN
URBANISASYONNA NAGDUDUDLOT
NG(PAGDAMING POPULASYON,
PAGGAMIT NGMGA
KEMIKALS,PABRIKA,SASAKYANAT IBA
PA.
EPEKTO
POLUSYON SA HANGIN(PINAKAMALALANG
POLUSYON)
-KALUSUGAN SA MGA TAO
-ACID RAIN
-OZONEDEPLETION
-CLIMATE CHANGE
-ANG PAGGAMIT NG PETROLYO AY NAGDUDULOT NG
SULFUR DIOXIDE
HAL. BEIJING, TOKYO, SEOUL, TAIPEI, JAKARTA AT
BANGKOK
POLUSYON SA TUBIG
-KONTAMINASYON MULA SA
BASURA,MARUMING TUBIGGALING SA
MGAINDUSTRIYA,OIL SPILL,LATAK O
RESIDUES NG MGA PESTECIDES
-PROBLEMANG PANGKALUSUGAN DAHIL
SA URBANISASYON
HAL. HUANG HO, GANGES, AMU AT SYR DARYA
-ANG MGA RADIO ACTIVE WASTES MULA SA MGA
PLANTA(URANIUM PLANT) AY NANGANGANIB NA
DUMALOY SA MGA ILOG SA KARATIG BANSA NA
MAGDUDULOT NG PAGKASIRA NG BUHAY NG MGA
ORGANISMO
-ANG MGA DUMI MULA SA PAGMIMINA NA MAAARING
DUMALOY SA MGA ILOG AT MGA IRIGASYON
PAGKAWALA NG BIODIVERSITY
ANG ASYA ANG MAY PINAKAMAYAMANG
BIODIVERSITY SA BUONG MUNDO DAHIL SA LAWAK
NITO.MAKIKITA ANG MGA MAYAYAMANG
BIODIVERSITY SA CHINA, INDIA, THAILAND,
INDONESIA, AT MALAYSIA NAMAY PINAKAMARAMING
SPECIES NG ISDA, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILE, IBON AT
MAMMAL
DAHILAN
-PAGTAAS NG POPULASYON
-WALANG HABAS NA PAGKUHA NG LIKAS NA
YAMAN
-PANG-AABUSO SA LUPA
-DEFORESTATION/PAG-KALBO AT PAGKASIRA
NG KAGUBATAN
-POLUSYON SA
KAPALIGIRAN
-INTRODUKSIYONNG MGA
SPECIES NA HINDI LIKASSA
ISANG LUGAR
PAGKASIRA NG KAGUBATAN
DAHILAN
-KOMERSYALNA PAGTOTROSO
-PAGKAKAINGIN/SLASH AND BURN
METHOD
-PAGPUTOLNG PUNO
-PAGKASUNOGNG MGA
KAGUBATAN/FOREST FIRES
EPEKTO
-NAKAKASAMA SA NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
-NANGANGANIB ANG MGA SPECIESNG HAYOP
AT HALAMAN (MAAARING MAWALAN NG
NATURAL NA TIRAHAN)
-NAGDUDULOT NG PAGBAHA, EROSYON NG
LUPA, PAGGUHO NG LUPA,SILTASYON AT
SEDIMENTASYON.
HAL. ANG MGA BANSANG
BANGLADESH
INDONESIA
PAKISTAN
PILIPINAS
AY MAY MATAAS NA ANTAS NG
DEFORESTATION KAYA NAMAN NAKAKARANAS
ANG MGA BANSANG ITO NG PAGBAHA
Red tides resultfrom a massivebuildupof
certainspecies of the microscopicsea
organismsknownas phytoplankton.Some of
these tiny planktonorganismsproduce
compounds thatare toxicto fishthatfeed on
them. In addition,the toxinsaccumulatein
filter-feedingshellfish,such as clams, mussels,
and oysters.
The shellfishthemselves are rarely affected
by the toxins,butthe poisoncan persistin
their tissuefor years andcan be passedalong
to people who eat the contaminated
shellfish.Ofthe more thanone thousand
species of phytoplankton,only abouttwo
dozen are toxic
. Heavyconcentrationsof both toxic
and nontoxic phytoplankton blooms
can lenda reddish-brown tint to the
surrounding water,but
contaminationcan occur even
without visiblediscoloration.
STEPPE GRASSLAND IN KAZAKHSTAN
SHORT, DRY GRASSES COVER THE SEMIARID STEPPE GRASSLANDS OF INTERIOR EURASIA.
THESE FLAT, MIDLATITUDE GRASSLANDS STRETCH EASTWARD FROM THE BLACK SEA INTO
KAZAKHSTAN, MONGOLIA, AND NORTHERN CHINA. A SIMILAR LANDSCAPE CAN BE FOUND IN
THE GREAT PLAINS OF NORTH AMERICA BETWEEN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND THE PRAIRIES
OF ALBERTA, SASKATCHEWAN, AND THE MIDWEST UNITED STATES.
SavannaBiome
Herds of large grazing animals,such asthe zebra grazing. Grazing animals and fire
keep vegetation to a minimum in savannaareaswith high rainfall.Occasionalfires
burn back old grass and stimulate growth of new grass.
Arctic Tundra
Tundra, or low-growing vegetation including shrubs, grasses, mosses, and herbs,
covers the plainsand coastalregions of the Arctic.
Mongolian Steppe
Grassy plains called steppes make up an important transition zonebetween forest and desert in
Mongolia. The steppe region has a dryclimate that is ideal for grassland.
Mongolian Pastoralists
Horses and sheepgrazeon the Mongolian steppe (grassy plains) neartraditional Mongol
dwellings called ger.Livestock herders in modern Mongolia continue tofollow a nomadic way
of life, moving across the seemingly endless steppe in their portable dwellings.
Protecting China'sWildlife
This lushfrost-covered forest is part of the Wolong panda preserve, situated ina remote area of Sichuan province in south
central China.Because much of China'sland has been cleared for agricultureand industry, the countryhas lost a great deal of
naturalhabitat. But Chinahas also established morethan 450naturereserves to protect distinct ecological environmentsand
endangered plants and animals. Wolong is one of 13protected areas for the delightful giant panda.
Rural Japan
The small, terraced rice fields and tightly clustered homes of this agricultural
village in the Chūgoku region of Honshū Island are typical of rural Japan.
Traditionally,most Japanese lived in villages likethis one, but today most live in
cities.
CarFactory,Ulsan
Hyundaiautomobilesawaitexportin Ulsan, SouthKorea.TheHyundaifactoryin Ulsanwas theworld’slargest
automobilemanufacturingcomplexin 2004,when thefactorycelebratedthe exportofits 10millionth car.The
city’sotherleading industriesinclude oil refining, shipbuilding,andthe productionof fertilizers.
Marble Quarry, Tajikistan
Tajikistan’smountainous terrain contains many rich mineral deposits. This small
village produces marble from a large quarry.
Iran’sEasternOil Fields
Petroleumis Iran’smostimportantnaturalresource,andthe nationisoneofthe world’sleading oilproducers.Its
mainoil fields,whichhavebeen estimatedto contain48billion barrelsof crudeoil, arelocatedin theeastern
provinceofKhūzestān,withsmaller fields offshorein thePersianGulf. Oil refinerieshavebeen built in thecities of
Shīrāz,Kermānshāh,andEşfahān.
Iran’s Petroleum Industry
From this facilityon Kharg Island in the Persian Gulf, Iran’s oil is exported to
countries around the world. Linked to mainland oilfields by pipelines, the terminal
hasan export capacity of about 5 million barrels per day. More thanthree-fourths
of Iran’s export revenues come from foreign sales of oil.
Tigris River, Iraq
The Tigris River asit flows through Iraq. Present-day Iraq occupies the greater part
of the ancient land of Mesopotamia, the plain between the Tigris andEuphrates
rivers.
Euphrates River, Syria
Therivers in Syria, southwestern Asia, areessential to the country’s agricultural communities.
Here,Syria’s longest river, the Euphrates, runs through Karkemish. The river, because of its size,
supplies much of the water needed to irrigate the country’s large land tracts.
A Logging in Borneo
Cut from the thick forests of Borneo, this timber is being transported by water in the Sabah
region ofMalaysia. Most Malaysian lumberis producedin Sabah andSarawak, and it is an
important export. But worldwide concern about destruction of the rain forest has slowed the
expansion of the country's wood-products industry.
A PreciousSapofMalaysianRubberTrees
Thoughrubbertrees firstgrew in Brazil,seedlings werebroughttoMalaysiafromGreatBritainin thelate1800s.
Today,Malaysiaisthe world'slargestrubberproducer.Earlyin the day,treetapperscutV-shapedincisions intotree
trunksandattachcups tothe treestocatchtheflowing latex.Hours later,thelatexis collected andsenttoa factory
forprocessing.
Pinang,Malaysia
Malaysia’stropicalvegetationprovidesanideal habitatfora diversepopulationofanimallife, including large
mammals,primates,crocodiles,andhundredsofspecies ofbirds,snakes,lizards,andinsects.Along with a
burgeoning industrialeconomythatemploys themajorityof Pinang’sworkforce,touristattractionssuchasthis
butterflyfarmhaveflourished.

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Suliraning pangkapaligiran Sa Asya

  • 1. MGASULIRANINGPANGKAPALIGIRAN SA ASYA MAHALAGANG MAPANATILI NATINANG EKOLOHIKAL NABALANSE NG ATING MUNDO.MALAKING PAGBABAGO ANG MANGYAYARI SA LAHAT NG MGA URI NG BUHAY SA MUNDO KUNG MANGYARING ITO’Y HINDI BALANSE.
  • 2. Ang pagkakaiba-ibaatpagiging katangi-tangi ng lahatng anyo ng buhay na bumubuosa naturalna kalikasanay tinatawagna biodiversity.Ang Asya, bilang pinakamalakingkontinente sa buong mundo, ay itinuturingna pangunahing pinag-mumulan ng globalbiodiversity.
  • 3. Ngunithabangangmga bansa sa Asya ay patuloyna papunta sa kaunlaran, kasabay din nitoayang pagsulpotng mga su-liraning ekolohikalat pangkapaligiran bunsodnghindi mapigilangpag-unladngekonomiyaat ang patuloy napaglaki ngpopulasyon.
  • 4. Ang mgabansang Asyano sa ngayon ay humaharapsa masalimuotna interaksyon ngmga isyungpanlipuan, pulitikal,ekonomiya, at pangkapaligiran.Ang masusingugnayanat pagbabalika-tanngbawat isa sa loob ngisang bansa, at sa pag-itanngbawat bansa ay maha-lagaupang makapagbalangkasat makapagpatupad ngakmangsolusyon sa mga suliraningito.
  • 5. Desertification– ito ay tumutukoy sa pagkasirang lupainsa mga rehiyong bahagyangtuyo o lubhangtuyo. Salinization– pagigingmaalatng tubig Habitat – tirahan ng mga hayop at ibapang mga bagay Hinterlands – malayonglugar, malayosa mga urbanisadonglugar
  • 6. EcologicalBalance– balanseng ugnayansa pagitanng mga bagay na may buhay atang kanilangkapaligi-ran Deforestation – pagkaubos at pagkawalang mga punungkahoysa mga gubat Siltation– parami at padagdag nadeposito ng banliknadala ng umaagos natubig sa isang lugar. RedTide – sanhi ng dinoflagellatesna lumulutangsaibabawngdagat
  • 7. 1. PAGKASIRA NG LUPA DESERTIFICATION -TUMUTUKOYITO SA PAGKASIRA NG LUPAIN SA MGA REHIYONG BAHAGYANG TUYO OLUBHANG TUYO NA KAPAG LUMAON AY HAHANTONG SA PERMANENTENG PAGKAWALA NG KAPAKINABANGAN O PRODUCTIVITY NITO TULAD NG NARARANASAN SAILANG BAHAGI NG CHINA, JORDAN, IRAQ,LEBANON, SYRIA,YEMEN, INDIA AT PAKISTAN.
  • 8. MGA DAHILAN NG PAGKASIRA NG LUPA A. SALINIZATION - NANUNUOT ANG TUBIG ALAT SA MGA ILOG B. ALKALINIZATION -TUMUTUKOYSA PORSIYENTO NG “ALKALI” SA LUPA NAGAGANAP KAPAG MALI ANG PROSESO NG IRIGASYON (PAGSUSUPLAY NG TUBIGSA MGA LUGAR NA TUYO O WALANG TUBIG)
  • 9. C. OVERGRAZING -PAGKASIRA NG HALAMAN O VEGETATION NG ISANG LUGAR –DAHIL DITO ANG KAPASIDAD NG DAMUHAN AY HINDI SAPAT SA LAKI NG KAWAN NG MGA HAYOP (HAL. ANG NAGYAR SA HILAGANG IRAQ, SAUDI ARABIA, OMAN)
  • 10. URBANIZATION DAHILAN -MIGRASYON -PAGNANAIS NG KAUNLARAN EPEKTO -NAKAKAAPEKTOSA KAPALIGIRAN -NAGDUDULOT NG KAUGNAY NA PROBLEMA GAYA NG KAHIRAPAN -PAGDAMI NG MAHIHIRAP NA LUGAR -PANGANIB SA KALUSUGAN
  • 12. PROBLEMA SA SOLID WASTE DAHILAN -PAGLAKAS NG INDUSTRIYA -WALANG MAAYOS NA PASILIDAD PARASA MGA BASURA(HINDI MAAYOS NA PANGANGASIWA NG BASURA) EPEKTO -PAGKONTAMINA O PAGKADUMI NG HANGIN,
  • 13. -PAGKONTAMINA SA LUPA(KAPAG NANUOT SA LUPA ANG MGA MAASIDO AT DI-ORGANIKONG MATERYALNITO) -PROBLEMANGPANGKALUSUGAN -PROBLEMANG EKOHOLIKALSA KALIKASAN
  • 15. EPEKTO POLUSYON SA HANGIN(PINAKAMALALANG POLUSYON) -KALUSUGAN SA MGA TAO -ACID RAIN -OZONEDEPLETION -CLIMATE CHANGE -ANG PAGGAMIT NG PETROLYO AY NAGDUDULOT NG SULFUR DIOXIDE HAL. BEIJING, TOKYO, SEOUL, TAIPEI, JAKARTA AT BANGKOK
  • 16. POLUSYON SA TUBIG -KONTAMINASYON MULA SA BASURA,MARUMING TUBIGGALING SA MGAINDUSTRIYA,OIL SPILL,LATAK O RESIDUES NG MGA PESTECIDES -PROBLEMANG PANGKALUSUGAN DAHIL SA URBANISASYON
  • 17. HAL. HUANG HO, GANGES, AMU AT SYR DARYA -ANG MGA RADIO ACTIVE WASTES MULA SA MGA PLANTA(URANIUM PLANT) AY NANGANGANIB NA DUMALOY SA MGA ILOG SA KARATIG BANSA NA MAGDUDULOT NG PAGKASIRA NG BUHAY NG MGA ORGANISMO -ANG MGA DUMI MULA SA PAGMIMINA NA MAAARING DUMALOY SA MGA ILOG AT MGA IRIGASYON
  • 18. PAGKAWALA NG BIODIVERSITY ANG ASYA ANG MAY PINAKAMAYAMANG BIODIVERSITY SA BUONG MUNDO DAHIL SA LAWAK NITO.MAKIKITA ANG MGA MAYAYAMANG BIODIVERSITY SA CHINA, INDIA, THAILAND, INDONESIA, AT MALAYSIA NAMAY PINAKAMARAMING SPECIES NG ISDA, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILE, IBON AT MAMMAL
  • 19. DAHILAN -PAGTAAS NG POPULASYON -WALANG HABAS NA PAGKUHA NG LIKAS NA YAMAN -PANG-AABUSO SA LUPA -DEFORESTATION/PAG-KALBO AT PAGKASIRA NG KAGUBATAN
  • 21. PAGKASIRA NG KAGUBATAN DAHILAN -KOMERSYALNA PAGTOTROSO -PAGKAKAINGIN/SLASH AND BURN METHOD -PAGPUTOLNG PUNO -PAGKASUNOGNG MGA KAGUBATAN/FOREST FIRES
  • 22. EPEKTO -NAKAKASAMA SA NATURAL ECOSYSTEM -NANGANGANIB ANG MGA SPECIESNG HAYOP AT HALAMAN (MAAARING MAWALAN NG NATURAL NA TIRAHAN) -NAGDUDULOT NG PAGBAHA, EROSYON NG LUPA, PAGGUHO NG LUPA,SILTASYON AT SEDIMENTASYON.
  • 23. HAL. ANG MGA BANSANG BANGLADESH INDONESIA PAKISTAN PILIPINAS AY MAY MATAAS NA ANTAS NG DEFORESTATION KAYA NAMAN NAKAKARANAS ANG MGA BANSANG ITO NG PAGBAHA
  • 24. Red tides resultfrom a massivebuildupof certainspecies of the microscopicsea organismsknownas phytoplankton.Some of these tiny planktonorganismsproduce compounds thatare toxicto fishthatfeed on them. In addition,the toxinsaccumulatein filter-feedingshellfish,such as clams, mussels, and oysters.
  • 25. The shellfishthemselves are rarely affected by the toxins,butthe poisoncan persistin their tissuefor years andcan be passedalong to people who eat the contaminated shellfish.Ofthe more thanone thousand species of phytoplankton,only abouttwo dozen are toxic
  • 26. . Heavyconcentrationsof both toxic and nontoxic phytoplankton blooms can lenda reddish-brown tint to the surrounding water,but contaminationcan occur even without visiblediscoloration.
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  • 51. STEPPE GRASSLAND IN KAZAKHSTAN SHORT, DRY GRASSES COVER THE SEMIARID STEPPE GRASSLANDS OF INTERIOR EURASIA. THESE FLAT, MIDLATITUDE GRASSLANDS STRETCH EASTWARD FROM THE BLACK SEA INTO KAZAKHSTAN, MONGOLIA, AND NORTHERN CHINA. A SIMILAR LANDSCAPE CAN BE FOUND IN THE GREAT PLAINS OF NORTH AMERICA BETWEEN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND THE PRAIRIES OF ALBERTA, SASKATCHEWAN, AND THE MIDWEST UNITED STATES.
  • 52. SavannaBiome Herds of large grazing animals,such asthe zebra grazing. Grazing animals and fire keep vegetation to a minimum in savannaareaswith high rainfall.Occasionalfires burn back old grass and stimulate growth of new grass.
  • 53. Arctic Tundra Tundra, or low-growing vegetation including shrubs, grasses, mosses, and herbs, covers the plainsand coastalregions of the Arctic.
  • 54. Mongolian Steppe Grassy plains called steppes make up an important transition zonebetween forest and desert in Mongolia. The steppe region has a dryclimate that is ideal for grassland.
  • 55. Mongolian Pastoralists Horses and sheepgrazeon the Mongolian steppe (grassy plains) neartraditional Mongol dwellings called ger.Livestock herders in modern Mongolia continue tofollow a nomadic way of life, moving across the seemingly endless steppe in their portable dwellings.
  • 56. Protecting China'sWildlife This lushfrost-covered forest is part of the Wolong panda preserve, situated ina remote area of Sichuan province in south central China.Because much of China'sland has been cleared for agricultureand industry, the countryhas lost a great deal of naturalhabitat. But Chinahas also established morethan 450naturereserves to protect distinct ecological environmentsand endangered plants and animals. Wolong is one of 13protected areas for the delightful giant panda.
  • 57. Rural Japan The small, terraced rice fields and tightly clustered homes of this agricultural village in the Chūgoku region of Honshū Island are typical of rural Japan. Traditionally,most Japanese lived in villages likethis one, but today most live in cities.
  • 58. CarFactory,Ulsan Hyundaiautomobilesawaitexportin Ulsan, SouthKorea.TheHyundaifactoryin Ulsanwas theworld’slargest automobilemanufacturingcomplexin 2004,when thefactorycelebratedthe exportofits 10millionth car.The city’sotherleading industriesinclude oil refining, shipbuilding,andthe productionof fertilizers.
  • 59. Marble Quarry, Tajikistan Tajikistan’smountainous terrain contains many rich mineral deposits. This small village produces marble from a large quarry.
  • 60. Iran’sEasternOil Fields Petroleumis Iran’smostimportantnaturalresource,andthe nationisoneofthe world’sleading oilproducers.Its mainoil fields,whichhavebeen estimatedto contain48billion barrelsof crudeoil, arelocatedin theeastern provinceofKhūzestān,withsmaller fields offshorein thePersianGulf. Oil refinerieshavebeen built in thecities of Shīrāz,Kermānshāh,andEşfahān.
  • 61. Iran’s Petroleum Industry From this facilityon Kharg Island in the Persian Gulf, Iran’s oil is exported to countries around the world. Linked to mainland oilfields by pipelines, the terminal hasan export capacity of about 5 million barrels per day. More thanthree-fourths of Iran’s export revenues come from foreign sales of oil.
  • 62. Tigris River, Iraq The Tigris River asit flows through Iraq. Present-day Iraq occupies the greater part of the ancient land of Mesopotamia, the plain between the Tigris andEuphrates rivers.
  • 63. Euphrates River, Syria Therivers in Syria, southwestern Asia, areessential to the country’s agricultural communities. Here,Syria’s longest river, the Euphrates, runs through Karkemish. The river, because of its size, supplies much of the water needed to irrigate the country’s large land tracts.
  • 64. A Logging in Borneo Cut from the thick forests of Borneo, this timber is being transported by water in the Sabah region ofMalaysia. Most Malaysian lumberis producedin Sabah andSarawak, and it is an important export. But worldwide concern about destruction of the rain forest has slowed the expansion of the country's wood-products industry.
  • 65. A PreciousSapofMalaysianRubberTrees Thoughrubbertrees firstgrew in Brazil,seedlings werebroughttoMalaysiafromGreatBritainin thelate1800s. Today,Malaysiaisthe world'slargestrubberproducer.Earlyin the day,treetapperscutV-shapedincisions intotree trunksandattachcups tothe treestocatchtheflowing latex.Hours later,thelatexis collected andsenttoa factory forprocessing.
  • 66. Pinang,Malaysia Malaysia’stropicalvegetationprovidesanideal habitatfora diversepopulationofanimallife, including large mammals,primates,crocodiles,andhundredsofspecies ofbirds,snakes,lizards,andinsects.Along with a burgeoning industrialeconomythatemploys themajorityof Pinang’sworkforce,touristattractionssuchasthis butterflyfarmhaveflourished.