1. Hepatic Disease
Clinical Medicine I
Patrick Carter MPAS, PA-C
February 14, 2011
2. Objectives
Discuss the major metabolic functions of the liver.
Identify the categories of viral agents that cause hepatitis.
For each of the following, describe the etiology, risk factors,
transmission, clinical features, diagnostic findings, treatment,
and prophylaxis:
◦ HAV
◦ HBV
◦ HCV
◦ HDV
◦ HEV
◦ HGV
Discuss the possible complications of viral hepatitis.
3. Objectives
Differentiate between toxic and drug induced
injury of the hepatic system.
Define autoimmune chronic active hepatitis.
Identify the typical clinical presentation of
alcoholic liver disease.
Identify the pathophysiologic mechanisms of
alcohol injury to the liver.
4. Objectives
Identify the typical treatment options for alcoholic
liver disease including pharmacological, dietary, and life
style treatments
Discuss the association between alcoholic liver
disease and portal hypertension.
State the major complications of alcoholic liver
disease including presentation, laboratory findings, and
treatment of: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,
hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy
Indicate the prognosis for alcoholic liver disease.
5. Assessment Parameters
Acute or chronic
Focal or diffuse
Mild or severe
Reversible or irreversible
Fulminant – development of hepatic
encephalopathy within 8 weeks
Sub-fulminant -- development of hepatic
encephalopathy at 8 weeks – 6 months
6. Definitions
Jaundice (Icterus)
◦ Yellow pigmentation of skin & sclera secondary to increased serum
bilirubin
Bilirubin
◦ Yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism
Unconjugated (Indirect) bilirubin
◦ Heme is turned into unconjugated bilirubin in the reticuloendothelial
cells of the spleen. It is then bound to albumin and sent to the liver.
Conjugated (Direct) bilirubin
◦ In the liver bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the enzyme
glucuronyltransferase. Much of it goes into the bile and thus out into
the small intestine
Hepatitis
◦ Inflammation of the liver
Cirrhosis
◦ Scarring and fibrosis of liver secondary to chronic liver disease
7.
8.
9. Hepatic Physiology
Energy metabolism
◦ carbohydrates, lipid and protein
◦ glucose production
◦ cholesterol synthesis
Protein synthesis functions
◦ plasma proteins (albumin, clotting factors)
10. Hepatic Physiology
Solubilization, transport, and storage
◦ drug and poison detoxification
◦ solubilization of fats and fat-soluble vitamins
◦ synthesis of VLDL, HDL, LDL
◦ uptake and storage of Vit A, D, B12 and Folate
11. Hepatic Physiology
Protective and clearance functions
◦ detox of ammonia
◦ detox of drugs
◦ clearance of damaged cells and proteins,
hormones, drugs and clotting factors
◦ clearance of bacteria and antigens
16. Acute Hepatic Failure
Fulminant
◦ Hepatic encephalopathy within 8 weeks after
onset of acute Liver Disease
Subfulminant
◦ Hepatic encephalopathy between 8 weeks and
6 months after onset of acute Liver Disease
17. Acute Hepatic Failure
Causes
◦ Acetaminophen toxicity is most common
accounting for at least 45%
◦ Idiosyncratic drug reactions 2nd most common
◦ Viral Hepatitis (only 12% of all cases)
◦ Poisonous mushrooms
◦ Shock
◦ Hyperthermia / Hypothermia
◦ Budd-Chiari syndrome
◦ Malignancies
◦ Wilson disease
18. Acute Hepatic Failure
Risk of acute hepatic failure is increased in
patients with diabetes
Outcome is worsened by obesity
Symptoms & Signs
◦ Gastrointestinal
◦ SIRS
◦ Hemorrhagic phenomena
◦ Adrenal insufficiency
◦ Subclnical myhocardial injury
19. Acute Hepatic Failure
Labs
◦ Serum aminotransferase levels are elevated
(>5000 in acetaminophen tox)
◦ Bilirubin may be normal or minimally elevated
initially then elevates as progresses
◦ Serum ammonia elevated – correlates with
encephalopathy & intracranial hypertension
21. Acute Hepatic Failure
Treatment
◦ Treat intracranial hypertension (Mannitol)
◦ Administer acetylcysteine for acetaminophen
toxicity
◦ EARLY transfer to liver transplantation center
is crucial
22. Acute Hepatic Failure
Prognosis
◦ Mortality up to 80% - except acetaminophen
toxicity
◦ Acetaminophen toxicity up to 65% transplant
free survival
◦ Be familiar with poor prognostic indicators for
acetaminophen and non-acetaminophen
hepatotoxicity in CMDT (page 608)
24. Viral Hepatitis
Essentials of diagnosis
◦ Prodrome of anorexia, nausea/vomiting,
malaise, aversion to smoking
◦ Fever, enlarged and tender liver, jaundice
◦ Normal to low WBCs, markedly elevated
aminotransferases early in the course
◦ Liver biopsy rarely indicated, but might show
hepatocellular necrosis
25. Acute Viral Hepatitis
Symptoms
◦ Icteric phase – jaundice after 5-10 days
◦ Convalescent phase – gradual disappearance of
symptoms
Signs
◦ Hepatomegaly
◦ Liver tenderness
◦ Splenomegaly in about 15% of cases
26. Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
Fecal/oral transmission
Poor sanitation or crowded living
situations
Contaminated water & food
~ 30 days incubation
Low level of mortality
Fulminant cases are rare
Never chronic
27.
28. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Blood and blood products
Sexual transmission
Maternal-fetal transmission
Prevalent in homosexuals and IV drug
users
Incidence has decreased by 75% since the
1980’s
Onset is more insidious than HAV
29. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
6 week – 6 month incubation
Aminotransferase levels higher than in
HAV
Risk of fulminant hepatitis is less than 1%
but has a 60% mortality rate
Infection persists in 1-2%, higher in
immunocompromised
30. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Patients with chronic HBV have substantial
risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular
carcinoma (up to 40%)
HBsAg – first evidence of infection
Anti-HBs – signals recovery from HBV
infection and immunity
Vaccination exists
33. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Transmission
◦ IV drug use
◦ Body piercings
◦ Blood transfusion
Low risk of transmission
◦ Sexual
◦ Maternal/fetal
34. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
30 – 50% of HIV patients are coinfected
with HCV
◦ Faster progression of chronic HCV to cirrhosis
Incubation period is 6-7 weeks
Clinical illness is generally mild or
asymptomatic
80% will become chronic
35. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Screening to detect HCV antibodies
Confirmation by an assay for HCV RNA
About 20% of patients infected with HCV
will clear the infection
No vaccination available
Treatment exists with varying results
36.
37. Hepatitis D (Delta agent)
Defective RNA virus that causes hepatitis
ONLY in association with HBV
Usually percutaneous exposure
As superinfection with HBV, may cause
fulminant hepatitis or severe chronic
hepatitis
In US, occurs mainly in IV drug users
3 x risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
38. Hepatitis E (HEV)
Rare in the US
Endemic areas are India, Burma,
Afghanistan, Algeria and Mexico
Waterborne
Illness is self-limited
Mortality rate of 10-20% in pregnant
women
39. Hepatitis G (HGV)
Percutaneously transmitted and associated with
chronic viremia lasting at least 10 years
Has been detected in
◦ 1.5% of blood donors
◦ 50% of IV drug users
◦ 30% of hemodialysis patients
◦ 20% of hemophiliacs
◦ 15% of patients with chronic hepatitis B or C
40. Hepatitis G (HGV)
Does not cause important liver disease
Does not affect the response of patients
with chronic hepatitis B or C to antiviral
therapy
HGV coinfection may improve survival in
patients with HIV infection
41. Viral Hepatitis
Symptoms
◦ Prodromal phase
General malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue and
anorexia
Distaste for smoking
Nausea/vomiting
Serum sickness in HBV
Fever, usually low-grade
RUQ or epigastric pain, usually mild
42. Acute Viral Hepatitis
Prevention
◦ Thorough handwashing
◦ Universal precautions
◦ Screening of blood supply
◦ Vaccinations
HAV – close contacts of infected patients, persons
traveling to endemic areas
HBV – universal vaccination of infants and children,
healthcare workers
44. Chronic Hepatitis
Defined as chronic inflammatory reaction
of the liver of more than 3-6 months
duration
HBV +/- HDV, HCV, autoimmune
hepatitis, Wilson’s disease, etc.
Traditionally classified as chronic active or
chronic persistent
45. Chronic Hepatitis B
Affects 1.25 million people in the US
Males > females
Coinfection with HIV is associated with
increased frequency of cirrhosis
Treatment
◦ Interferon alpha-2b for 4 months for active
stage
◦ Lamivudine 100 mg po qd – better tolerated
46. Chronic Hepatitis C
Diagnosed by detection of HCV RNA in
the blood
About 20% will progress to cirrhosis in 20
years
EtOH use more than 50 g/day increases
risk of cirrhosis
47. Chronic Hepatitis C
Treatment
◦ Most effective for genotypes 2 and 3
◦ Combination therapy with pegylated
interferon and ribavirin 600 mg po BID
◦ Response rates up to 55%
◦ Treatment is for 48 weeks
◦ May reduce the risk of hepatocellular
carcinoma
48. Autoimmune Hepatitis
Usually a disease of young women
Onset is usually insidious
May have multiple spider nevi, striae, acne,
hirsutism and hepatomegaly
Serum gamma globulin levels are usually
elevated
Liver biopsy is indicated
49. Autoimmune Hepatitis
Treatment
◦ Prednisone with or without azathioprine
Prednisone 30 mg daily tapered down to
maintenance dose of 10 mg daily
Azathioprine 50 mg daily
◦ Response rate to therapy is 80%
◦ Cirrhosis does not reverse with therapy
◦ Liver transplant may be required for treatment
failures, may recur in 1/3 of patients
50. Hepatic Injury
Direct hepatic toxins
◦ Dose related severity
◦ Latent period following exposure
◦ Susceptibility in all individuals
◦ Examples
Acetaminophen, EtOH, carbon tetrachloride,
chloroform, heavy metals, mercaptopurine (6-MP),
tetracycline, vitamin A
51. Hepatic Injury
Drug induced idiosyncratic reactions
◦ Sporadic
◦ Not dose associated
◦ Features suggest allergic reaction (fever and
eosinophilia)
◦ Examples
Amiodarone, ASA, carbamazepine, chloramphenicol,
diclofenac, halothane, isoniazid, ketoconazole,
phenytoin, etc.
52. Alcoholic Hepatitis
Acute or chronic inflammation and
parenchymal necrosis of the liver induced
by EtOH
Often reversible
Most common cause of cirrhosis in the US
4-5 times more common cause of death as
HCV which is the second most common
53. Alcoholic Hepatitis
Frequency estimated at 10-15% of daily
drinkers (more than 50 g) for over 10
years
50 g = 4 drinks (4 oz. 100 proof whiskey,
15 oz. wine or 48 oz. beer)
Women > men
Concurrent HBV or HCV increases risk
54. Alcoholic Hepatitis
Signs and symptoms
◦ Enlarged liver
◦ Anorexia and nausea
◦ Hepatomegaly and jaundice
◦ Abdominal pain
◦ Splenomegaly
◦ Ascites
◦ Fever
◦ Encephalopathy
57. Treatment
Strict EtOH abstinence - ESSENTIAL
Caloric supplement and nutritional
support
Vitamin supplement – folic acid and
thiamine
Glucose administration increases Vitamin
B1 needs and can precipitate Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome – must co-administer
thiamine
58. Treatment
Prednisone 32 mg/day for 1 month
◦ May reduce short-term mortality for patients
with alcoholic hepatitis and encephalopathy or
greatly elevated bilirubin
Experimental therapy with pentoxifylline
400 mg TID for 4 weeks may decrease risk
of hepatorenal syndrome
59. Treatment
Liver transplant
◦ Usually requires abstinence for 6 months prior
to transplant
◦ Absolute contraindications
Malignancy, advanced cardiopulmonary disease and
sepsis
◦ Relative contraindications
Age > 70, HIV infection, portal vein thrombosis,
active substance abuse, severe malnutrition
60. Cirrhosis
12th Leading Cause of Death in U.S.
Hepatocellular injury that leads to:
◦ Fibrosis
◦ Nodular Regeneration
Risk Factors
◦ Chronic Viral Hepatitis
◦ Alcoholic Hepatitis
◦ Drug Toxicity
◦ Autoimmune Hepatitis
61. Cirrhosis
Clinical Features are Secondary to:
◦ Portal HTN
◦ Hepatic Cell Dysfunction
◦ Portosystemic Shunting
65. Major Complications
Ascites
◦ Diagnostic paracentesis indicated for new
ascites
Cell count and culture
Albumin level
◦ Restriction of dietary sodium and fluid intake
◦ Diuretics – spironolactone +/- Lasix
◦ Large-volume paracentesis (4-6 L)
◦ TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunt
66. Major Complications
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
◦ Abdominal pain, increasing ascites, fever
and progressive encephalopathy
◦ Paracentesis shows high WBC count
◦ Cultures are usually positive – most
common E. coli or pneumococci
67. Major Complications
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
◦ Treatment with IV cefotaxime 2 g q 8-12 hours
for 5 days
◦ Overall mortality rate is up to 70% in 1 year
Hepatorenal syndrome
◦ Azotemia in the absence of shock or
significant proteinuria in a patient with end-
stage liver disease
68. Major Complications
Hepatorenal syndrome
◦ Does not improve with IV isotonic saline
◦ Oliguria and hyponatremia
◦ Diagnosis of exclusion
◦ Cause is unknown
◦ Treatment is generally ineffective
◦ Mortality is high without liver transplant
◦ TIPS procedure may buy time until transplant
69. Major Complications
Hepatic encephalopathy
◦ Disordered CNS function due to failure of the
liver to detoxify noxious agents originating in
the gut
◦ Ammonia is most readily identified
◦ Dietary protein withheld during acute episodes
◦ Lactulose to acidify colon contents
NH4+ NH3 + H+
70. Major Complications
Hepatic encephalopathy
◦ NH4+ is not absorbable
◦ Lactulose should be dosed at 30 mL 3 or 4
times daily
◦ Avoid opioids and sedatives that are
metabolized or excreted by the liver
◦ Zinc deficiency should be corrected if present
71. Prognosis
Points Class One year survival Two year survival
5-6 A 100% 85%
7-9 B 81% 57%
10-15 C 45% 35%
72. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
(NAFLD)
Up to 30% US population
Etiology
◦ Obesity
◦ Diabetes
◦ Hypertriglycerides
◦ Corticosteroids
Physical Activity protects against NAFLD
Don’t worry about NASH
Energy metabolism- carbohydrates, lipid and protein\nglucose production\ncholesterol synthesis\nProtein synthetic functions\nplasma proteins (albumin, clotting factors – not VII, angiotensinogen\nSolubilization, transport, and storage\ndrug and poison detoxification\nsolubilization of fats and fat-soluble vitamins\nsynthesis of VLDL, HDL, LDL, Various binding proteins\nuptake and storage of Vit A, D, B12 and Folate\nProtective and clearance functionsdetox of ammonia\ndetox of drugs\nclearance of damaged cells and proteins, hormones, drugs and clotting factors\nclearance of bacteria and antigens \n\n
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Hepatocyte function - absorption\nInability to conjugate – glucuronide transferase deficiency\nProblems transfer/excretion - bilirubin glucuronide into the biliary canaliculi \n** biliary obstruction – Gallstones \n
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The course of chronic viral hepatitis is unpredictale\n40-50% of HBV pts with cirrhosis die\nHBC is often subgclinical cirrhosis and hepatocullular CA \n
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The course of chronic viral hepatitis is unpredictale\n40-50% of HBV pts with cirrhosis die\nHBC is often subgclinical cirrhosis and hepatocullular CA \n
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The clinical presentation is a spectrum of enlarged liver critically ill who dies. \n\nSigns (pathopneumonic)\n\nPossible signs\n
The clinical presentation is a spectrum of enlarged liver critically ill who dies. \n\nSigns (pathopneumonic)\n\nPossible signs\n
The clinical presentation is a spectrum of enlarged liver critically ill who dies. \n\nSigns (pathopneumonic)\n\nPossible signs\n
The clinical presentation is a spectrum of enlarged liver critically ill who dies. \n\nSigns (pathopneumonic)\n\nPossible signs\n
The clinical presentation is a spectrum of enlarged liver critically ill who dies. \n\nSigns (pathopneumonic)\n\nPossible signs\n
The clinical presentation is a spectrum of enlarged liver critically ill who dies. \n\nSigns (pathopneumonic)\n\nPossible signs\n
B1 (thiamine) should be given in conjunction with glucose\nPrednisone is considered for mortality reduction\n
B1 (thiamine) should be given in conjunction with glucose\nPrednisone is considered for mortality reduction\n
B1 (thiamine) should be given in conjunction with glucose\nPrednisone is considered for mortality reduction\n