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- Shiga toxin-producing E. coli 0157:H7
- Nonenteric infections (especially Streptococcus
pneumoniae)
- Malignancies, pregnancy, transplantation, anticancer
molecules, immunosuppressive agents, and antiplatelet
agents.
Triggers of HUS include :
CHAPTER 37 Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of Systemic Diseases 5. PART IV Topics Involving Multiple Organs.
Sleisenger_and_Fordtran's_Gastrointestinal_and_Liver_Disease_11th.pdf.
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CHAPTER 110 Infectious Enteritis and Proctocolitis. PART X Small and Large Intestine. Sleisenger_and_Fordtran's_Gastrointestinal_and_Liver_Disease_11th.pdf.
Shiga toxin 2 is more potent and
much more frequently associated
with severe human disease
(bloody diarrhea and HUS risk)
than Shiga toxin.
STEC that do not contain a gene
encoding Shiga toxin 2 rarely, if
ever, cause HUS.
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● It was named the enterohemorrhagic E. coli.
● In 2017, FoodNet suggested STEC infections increased by 28% compared with 2014
to 2016.
● In Latin America, E. coli 0157:H7 remains the predominant strain (>70 percent).
● The incidence of STEC-HUS in Latin America remains ten times higher than in
other continents.
In 1982, a new outbreak of acute
hemorrhagic colitis emerged in
Michigan and Ohio
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome-hus-ichildren
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● Transmission -> fecal-oral route.
● Children are predominantly involved.
● Incubation period of 3 days
○ Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever or chills, and diarrhea
that becomes hemorrhagic in 70% of cases.
● The median duration of diarrhea is 3 to 8 days,
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)
0157:H7 Infection
CHAPTER 37 Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of Systemic Diseases 5. PART IV Topics Involving Multiple Organs.
Sleisenger_and_Fordtran's_Gastrointestinal_and_Liver_Disease_11th.pdf.
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Typical clinical course of Escherichia coli O157:H7
infections
Risk factors for HUS:
- Age less than 5 years
- Attendance at a large day care
center
- Presence of bloody diarrhea
- High WBC count.
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome-hus-ichildren
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● Transport of Shiga toxins to the submucosa, with binding to endothelial cells.
○ Microvascular damage
○ Platelet aggregation
○ Microvascular fibrin thrombi
○ Clinical and histologic picture that resembles ischemic colitis.
● Shiga toxins bind to PMNs and circulate to other organs such as the kidneys,
causing direct damage to kidney epithelial cells (podocytes and tubular cells),
kidney mesangial cells, and vascular endothelial cells.
Physiopathology
CHAPTER 110 Infectious Enteritis and Proctocolitis. PART X Small and Large Intestine. Sleisenger_and_Fordtran's_Gastrointestinal_and_Liver_Disease_11th.pdf.
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● Peripheral blood smear with a large number of schistocytes
and helmet cells.
● Elevation of the serum indirect bilirubin concentration.
● Reduction in the serum haptoglobin concentration.
● Elevation of the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels.
Diagnosis (HUS)
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome-hus-ichildren
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● CDC recommends a combination of culture for O157 STEC and a nonculture
Stx assay.
● Because most isolates of E. coli O157:H7 do not ferment sorbitol, screening
for this pathogen usually is done with sorbitol-MacConkey agar.
● Shiga toxin protein assay.
● DNA testing for Shiga toxin genes may be done using polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) to amplify Shiga toxin genes (STX1 and STX2).
Diagnosis (STEC)
Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) with acute kidney injury (AKI) in adults: CM-TMA and ST-HUS. Uptodate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thrombotic-microangiopathies-tmas-with-acute-
kidney-injury-aki-in-adults-cm-tma-and-st-hus?search=sindrome%20hemolitico%20uremico%20en%20adultoss&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2
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CT-patterns of mural enhancement in patients with
bowel wall thickening.
https://radiologyassistant.nl/abdomen/bowel/bowel-wall-thickening-ct-pattern#type-3-water-target-sign-infectious-colitis
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Treatment
● The risk of HUS is increased by antimicrobial therapy.
● The use of ST-HUS implies that recovery will occur spontaneously.
● Supportive cares involve hydration and transfusion for severe anemia.
● Renal replacement therapy is frequently required in the acute phase
and chronic kidney disease may result in some.
● Transfusion of platelets when a patient with a platelet count of
<50,000/microL requires an invasive procedure or has clinically
important bleeding.
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome-hus-ichildren
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The subjects who received antibiotics were also
more likely to develop HUS (24% vs 8%)
Exposures to antibiotics within the first week of
illness also tripled the risk of developing HUS (aOR
3.62; 95% CI, 1.23–10.6; P = .02; Table 4).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493180/
Exposure to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or metronidazole
was each statistically significantly associated with HUS.
Wong CS, Mooney JC, Brandt JR, Staples AO, Jelacic S, Boster DR, Watkins SL, Tarr PI. Risk factors for the hemolytic uremic syndrome in children infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7: a multivariable analysis. Clin Infect Dis.
2012 Jul;55(1):33-41. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis299.
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Preventive measures.
● Cooking of ground beef, avoiding unpasteurized fruit
juices, and hand hygiene if contact with farm animals
occurs (e.g., state or county fairs).
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-microbiology-pathogenesis-epidemiology-and-prevention?sectionName=Transmission&search=sindrome%20hemolitico%20uremico%20en%20adultoss
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Clinical Case
Masculine 73 y/o
Past Medical History: hypothyroidism, rectal abscess
and rectocutaneous fistula treated (02/2019).
Chief Complaint: Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea >10
episodes/ day. Abdominal pain. Started 3 days ago.
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● HEENT: normocephalic and atraumatic without tenderness, visible or palpable masses,
depressions, or scarring. Hair is of normal texture and evenly distributed. Conjunctivae are clear
without exudates or hemorrhage. Sclera is non-icteric. No signs of nystagmus. Eyelids are normal
in appearance without swelling or lesions. External ear and ear canal are non-tender and without
swelling. Nares are patent bilaterally. Oral mucosa appears dehydrated. Tongue normal in
appearance without lesions and with good symmetrical movement. No buccal nodules or lesions
are noted. The pharynx is normal in appearance without tonsillar swelling or exudates. The neck
is supple without adenopathy. Trachea is midline. Carotid pulse 2+ bilaterally without bruit. No
JVD.
● Cardiac: The external chest is normal in appearance without lifts, heaves, or thrills. PMI is not
visible and is palpated in the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line. Heart rate and rhythm
are normal. No murmurs, gallops, or rubs are auscultated. S1 and S2 are heard and are of
normal intensity.
● Respiratory: The chest wall is symmetric and without deformity. No signs of trauma. Chest wall
is non-tender. No signs of respiratory distress. Lung sounds are clear in all lobes bilaterally
without rales, ronchi, or wheezes. Resonance is normal upon percussion of all lung fields.
VITAL SIGNS BP 120/80mmHg Pulse 90 bpm RR 16 O2: 99% T 37.1C
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● Abdominal: Abdomen is soft, symmetric, presence of distention and tenderness to
palpation in hypogastric and left lumbar region. There are no visible lesions or scars. The
aorta is midline without bruit or visible pulsation. Umbilicus is midline without herniation. Bowel
sounds are present and normoactive in all four quadrants. No masses, hepatomegaly, or
splenomegaly are noted.
● Genital/Rectal: Normal rectal sphincter tone. No external masses or lesions. Stool is watery
and with presence of red blood striae. Genitalia: normal.
● Extremities: Upper and lower extremities are atraumatic in appearance without tenderness or
deformity. No swelling or erythema. Full range of motion is noted to all joints. Muscle strength is
5/5 bilaterally. Tendon function is normal. Capillary refill is less than 3 seconds in all extremities.
Pulses palpable. Steady gait noted.
● Neurological: The patient is awake, alert and oriented to person, place, and time with normal
speech. Motor function is normal with muscle strength 5/5 bilaterally to upper and lower
extremities. Sensation is intact bilaterally. Reflexes 2+ bilaterally. Cranial nerves are intact.
Cerebellar function is intact. Memory is normal and thought process is intact. No gait
abnormalities are appreciated.
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ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC CT
Importante edema de toda la
mucosa del colon, con
múltiples dilataciones
diverticulares, en relación a
Colitis extensa. Datos de
Colelitiasis Crónica.
Aortoesclerosis.`
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- GEA SECUNDARIA A INFECCION
POR ENTAMOEBA HYSTGOLITICA Y
E. DIPAR RESUELTA
- COLITIS INFECCIOSA EXTENSA
SECUNDARIA A E. COLI – STEC
RESUELTA
- AKIN PB PRERENAL VS
SECUNDARIO A MICROANGIOPATIA
TROMBOTICA POR SHU INCIPIENTE
RESUELTO.
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli 0157:H7 accounts for the majority of cases of HUS.
E Coli ENTEROPATOGENICA EPEC / ENTEROTOXIGENICA ETEC / ENTEROINVASIVA EIEC / ENTEROAGREGATIVA / enteroadherente DIFUSA / Y LA TOXINA SHIGA.
typically classified as O157 and non-O157 with O157 classically associated with the HUS, although non-O157 strains also can trigger HUS.
Toxinas shiga 1y 2.
- Productora de una verotoxina.
Metodos dx moleculares.
STEC remains less common than Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella.
- Undercooked hamburger is the most common vector, with other foods (e.g., apple juice, lettuce) also implicated. Consumo de Agua Contaminada.
The leading vehicle of infection for STEC is hamburger meat, although outbreaks have been associated with fresh-pressed apple cider, produce, and unpasteurized milk.
Uptodate bibliografia
Uptodate bibliografia
QUE MAS NOS PUEDE AYUDAR AL DX, APARTE DEL HHCTO PLAQ Y CR.?
Ddx con Coag Intrtavasc Diseminada.
DIC typically have thrombocytopenia, elevated D-dimer, normal haptoglobin levels, low circulating levels of fibrinogen and factors V and VIII, and prolongation of the prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times (PT and aPTT, respectively), which is not generally seen in patients with HUS
INFECCION
Within 2 days of onset, virtually all stool specimens from O157-infected patients are positive, whereas after 7 days, only one third are positive.
CT-patterns of mural enhancement in patients with bowel wall thickening.
CT shows colonic wall thickening, often with a target sign and pericolonic stranding
It appears that maintaining adequate hydration may be reduce the risk of STEC-HUS.
259 subjects con clinica y ecoli + de los cuales , 36 (14%) developed HUS. 5 estados.
Esstos , diferencian entre bacteriostaticos y bactericidas. Liberan toxinas. El tipo de cepa.
Desshidratado, con Mala tolerancia oral, >15 evacuaciones al día sanguinolentas.
Se ingresa con medidas generales. Hidratacion ev, Metronidazol, ondansetron, sertal.
Luego de 36-48hr de ingressado por persistencia de la clinica. Asi como aumento de la distension abdominal, disminucion de la persistalsis, se decide realizar Panel GI y TC de abdomen contrastada.
Luego de 36hr de ingressado por persistencia de la clinica. Asi como aumento de la distension abdominal, disminucion de la persistalsis, se decide realizar Panel GI y TC de abdomen contrastada.
Se decide…
IC NEFROLOGIA E INFECTOLOGIA.
Continuaba aSX, menos dolor abdominal, negaba nauseas,