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Carla Gilbert
Table of Contents
• Imperfect              •Future
• Preterite                 •Irregular
  –   -car, -gar, -zar      •Conditional
  –   Spock              •Superlatives
  –   Cucaracha          •Formal Commands
  –   Snake and Snakey   •Prepositions
• Modal Verbs
                         • Demonstratives
• Adverbs
• Progressive
  – Past, present
Imperfecto
• When is it used?
  – Ongoing action (was/were)
  – Repeated action
  – No definite beginning or end
  – Time, date, age, feelings, descriptions
  – Interrupted activity (cuando)
Imperfect endings

                      -ar      -ir/-er
       Yo            -aba          -ía
       Tú            -abas         -ías
  Él/ella/ Ud.       - aba         -ía
   Nosotros         -ábamos    -íamos
    Vosotros         -abais        -íais
Ellos/ellas/ Uds.    -aban         -ían
Irregulars
                      Ir      Ser       Ver

       Yo            iba       era     Veía

       Tú            ibas     Eras     Veías

  Él/ella/ Ud.       iba      Era      Veía

   Nosotros         íbamos   Éramos   Veíamos

   Vosotros          ibais    Erais    Veíais

Ellos/ellas/ Uds.    iban     eran     veían
Preterite –car, -gar, -zar
• Irregular in yo form only

     Tocar          Jugar     Comenzar
     Toqué          Jugué     Comencé
     Tocaste        Jugaste   Comenzaste
     Tocó           Juegó     Comenzó
     Tocamos        jugamos   Comenzaron
     Tocaron        Jugaron   Comenzaron
Spock Irregulars
                  •Ir/Ser
• Hacer (did)         -Fui      IR
   –   Hiciste        -Fuiste
   –   Hizo           -Fue
   –   Hicimos        -Fuimos
   –   Hicieron       -Fueron
• Dar/Ver (gave/went)
   –   i
   –   iste
   –   io
   –   imos
   –   ieron
Cucaracha (Irregular Preterite)
                  Andar     Anduv-
                                        Yo       e
                  Estar     Estuv-
                  Poder      Pus-
                                        Tú      iste
                 Querer      Quis-
                  Venir      Vin-
                                        él       o
                  Decir      Dij-
                  Traer      Traj-
                                      Nosotro
Drop “i”                                        imos
                 Conducir   Conduj-     s
sound in third
person plural    Producir   Produj-
                                       Ellos    ieron
                 Traducir   Traduj-
Snake and Snakey (Preterite with a Y
         Spelling Change)

• Snake                  • Snakey
                           – Y Changers
  – Stem Changers
                             • Leer
    • Dormir
                                –   Leí
          –   Dormí
                                –   Limos
          –   Dormimos
                                –   Leiste
          –   Dormiste
                                –   Leyó
          –   Durmió
                                –   Leyeron
          –   Dumieron
Modal Verbs
• Conjugate and pair the modal verbs with an
  infinitive to get a new meaning
  – Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
  – Poder + infinitive (are able to do something)
  – Querer + infinitive(want to do something)
  – deber + infinitive (should do something)
  – Tener que + infinitive (to have to do something)
  – Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to…)
Adverbs
• Most are made be adding –mente to the
  feminine singular form of an adjective
• When two adverbs modify the same ver, only
  the second one uses the –mente ending. The
  first is kept in the feminine singular form.
• Irregulars
  – Mucho, bien, nunca, muy, ya, poco, mal, tan, peor,
    bastante, pemasiado, siempre
Progressive Tense
• Present
  – Formed by combining the verb “to be” with the
    present participle
  – Conjugate estar + -ando/iendo/yendo
     • Estoy hablando a ti.
• Past
  – Conjugate estar with present participle
     • Estaba hablando a ti.
     • Estabamos estudiando para la examin.
Future Tense
 • The future tense is used to tell what "will"
 happen, or what "shall" happen.
                          Yo         é

                          Tu         ás

• Infinitive +         El/ Ella      á

                       Nosotros     emos

                      Ellos/ellas    án
Irregular Future
• decir dir- to say
• haber habr- there to be [impersonal];
  to have [helping verb]                      Yo         é
• hacer har- to make, do
• poder podr- to be able                      Tu         ás
• poner pondr- to put, place, set
• querer querr- to want, love      +       El/ Ella      á
• saber sabr- to know [a fact], know
  how [+ infinitive]                      Nosotros      emos
• salir saldr- to leave, go out
• tener tendr- to have                    Ellos/ellas    án
• valer valdr- to be worth
• venir vendr- to come
Conditional
• Used to express probability, possibility, wonder
  or conjecture, and is usually translated as would,
  could, must have or probably.
                             Hablar
               ía            Hablaría
               ías           Hablarías
• Infinitive + ía            Hablaría
               íamos         Hablaríamos
               íais          Hablaríais
               ían           Hablarían
Superlatives
• When you want to say that something has the
  most or the least of a certain quality, use a
  superlative.
     El más     El menos   • Luis es el más alto.
                           • Mercedes es la menos
     Los más   Los menos   consada.
                           • Ivan prepara las comidas más
     Las más    La menos   sabrosas.
     Las más   Las menos
Formal Commands
• Ud./Usd. – put in „yo‟ form and change to opposite vowel.
1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
2. Then drop the -o ending.
3. Finally, add the following endings:       Irregulars: TVDISHES
   -ar verbs:                                Tenga
   -e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)
                                             Vea
   -er and -ir verbs:
   -a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)              Diga
Examples:                                    Vaya
    – Hablen Uds. más lentamente.       Haga
      Speak more slowly.
    – Coman Uds. la cena.               Sepa
      Eat the dinner.                   Easta
    – Escriba Ud. la carta.
       Write the letter.                Sea
Prepositions

  Abajo                     Below
 Arriba                     Above
Debajo de                   Below
Dentro de                   Inside
Encima de                  On top of
Fuera da                   Outside
Demonstratives
• Always agree in gender and in number with the noun they modify
• Always come in front of the noun they modify
• Singular
   – Este/esta- this (four letters-near)
   – Ese/esa- that (three letters- far)
   – Aquel/ aquella- That over there
• Plural
   – Estos/ estas- these
   – Esos/ esas- those
   – Aquellos/ aquellas- those over there
• Add accent mark over the “e” to make it a pronoun
• Eso/esto/aquello neutral in gender

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Gramer book #2

  • 2. Table of Contents • Imperfect •Future • Preterite •Irregular – -car, -gar, -zar •Conditional – Spock •Superlatives – Cucaracha •Formal Commands – Snake and Snakey •Prepositions • Modal Verbs • Demonstratives • Adverbs • Progressive – Past, present
  • 3. Imperfecto • When is it used? – Ongoing action (was/were) – Repeated action – No definite beginning or end – Time, date, age, feelings, descriptions – Interrupted activity (cuando)
  • 4. Imperfect endings -ar -ir/-er Yo -aba -ía Tú -abas -ías Él/ella/ Ud. - aba -ía Nosotros -ábamos -íamos Vosotros -abais -íais Ellos/ellas/ Uds. -aban -ían
  • 5. Irregulars Ir Ser Ver Yo iba era Veía Tú ibas Eras Veías Él/ella/ Ud. iba Era Veía Nosotros íbamos Éramos Veíamos Vosotros ibais Erais Veíais Ellos/ellas/ Uds. iban eran veían
  • 6. Preterite –car, -gar, -zar • Irregular in yo form only Tocar Jugar Comenzar Toqué Jugué Comencé Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste Tocó Juegó Comenzó Tocamos jugamos Comenzaron Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron
  • 7. Spock Irregulars •Ir/Ser • Hacer (did) -Fui IR – Hiciste -Fuiste – Hizo -Fue – Hicimos -Fuimos – Hicieron -Fueron • Dar/Ver (gave/went) – i – iste – io – imos – ieron
  • 8. Cucaracha (Irregular Preterite) Andar Anduv- Yo e Estar Estuv- Poder Pus- Tú iste Querer Quis- Venir Vin- él o Decir Dij- Traer Traj- Nosotro Drop “i” imos Conducir Conduj- s sound in third person plural Producir Produj- Ellos ieron Traducir Traduj-
  • 9. Snake and Snakey (Preterite with a Y Spelling Change) • Snake • Snakey – Y Changers – Stem Changers • Leer • Dormir – Leí – Dormí – Limos – Dormimos – Leiste – Dormiste – Leyó – Durmió – Leyeron – Dumieron
  • 10. Modal Verbs • Conjugate and pair the modal verbs with an infinitive to get a new meaning – Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something) – Poder + infinitive (are able to do something) – Querer + infinitive(want to do something) – deber + infinitive (should do something) – Tener que + infinitive (to have to do something) – Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to…)
  • 11. Adverbs • Most are made be adding –mente to the feminine singular form of an adjective • When two adverbs modify the same ver, only the second one uses the –mente ending. The first is kept in the feminine singular form. • Irregulars – Mucho, bien, nunca, muy, ya, poco, mal, tan, peor, bastante, pemasiado, siempre
  • 12. Progressive Tense • Present – Formed by combining the verb “to be” with the present participle – Conjugate estar + -ando/iendo/yendo • Estoy hablando a ti. • Past – Conjugate estar with present participle • Estaba hablando a ti. • Estabamos estudiando para la examin.
  • 13. Future Tense • The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen. Yo é Tu ás • Infinitive + El/ Ella á Nosotros emos Ellos/ellas án
  • 14. Irregular Future • decir dir- to say • haber habr- there to be [impersonal]; to have [helping verb] Yo é • hacer har- to make, do • poder podr- to be able Tu ás • poner pondr- to put, place, set • querer querr- to want, love + El/ Ella á • saber sabr- to know [a fact], know how [+ infinitive] Nosotros emos • salir saldr- to leave, go out • tener tendr- to have Ellos/ellas án • valer valdr- to be worth • venir vendr- to come
  • 15. Conditional • Used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably. Hablar ía Hablaría ías Hablarías • Infinitive + ía Hablaría íamos Hablaríamos íais Hablaríais ían Hablarían
  • 16. Superlatives • When you want to say that something has the most or the least of a certain quality, use a superlative. El más El menos • Luis es el más alto. • Mercedes es la menos Los más Los menos consada. • Ivan prepara las comidas más Las más La menos sabrosas. Las más Las menos
  • 17. Formal Commands • Ud./Usd. – put in „yo‟ form and change to opposite vowel. 1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative. 2. Then drop the -o ending. 3. Finally, add the following endings: Irregulars: TVDISHES -ar verbs: Tenga -e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.) Vea -er and -ir verbs: -a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.) Diga Examples: Vaya – Hablen Uds. más lentamente. Haga Speak more slowly. – Coman Uds. la cena. Sepa Eat the dinner. Easta – Escriba Ud. la carta. Write the letter. Sea
  • 18. Prepositions Abajo Below Arriba Above Debajo de Below Dentro de Inside Encima de On top of Fuera da Outside
  • 19. Demonstratives • Always agree in gender and in number with the noun they modify • Always come in front of the noun they modify • Singular – Este/esta- this (four letters-near) – Ese/esa- that (three letters- far) – Aquel/ aquella- That over there • Plural – Estos/ estas- these – Esos/ esas- those – Aquellos/ aquellas- those over there • Add accent mark over the “e” to make it a pronoun • Eso/esto/aquello neutral in gender