ELS, Grammar

1. MODALS
Cansu SÜER

2. Modal + V1
• A modal verb is a type of auxilary
verb that expresses possibility,
necessity and obligation.

3. Probability
Present
• The opposite of must is «can’t» here.

5. Probability
• Must have done (-mış olmalı)
• Can’t/couldn’t have done (-mış olamaz)
• May/might/could have done (-mış
olabilir)
• May/might not have done (-mamış
olabilir)

6. Can

7. Could

8. May/Might

9. Should(advice)/Should have(regret)

10. Would rather/sooner have + V3
(geçmişte yapmayı tercih ettiğimiz ama
yapmadığımız durumlar)
• She would rather have spent the
money on a holiday. (she didn’t do it).
• I’d rather have stayed home than
(have) gone to the cinema last night.
(but I went to the cinema)

11. Would prefer to have + V3 = would
have preferred to V1 (regret)
• I would prefer to have travelled by train.
(I took the plane yesterday and it was
my intention (I didn't want to take the
train).)

12. Would (request/indirect speech)
• Request
- Would you like anything else?
- Would you please be quiet?
- Would you like any coffee?
• Indirect speech
- He says «he will come back.»
He said he would come back.

13. Would (past habit)

14. Would (past habit)
State verbs –not action but situation)

15. Would (If Type 2)
• If I were you, I would eat less.
• If I had a lot of money, I would like to
own a boat someday.
• I would like to buy a car sometime.

16. Will
• Promise
- You will have your money tonight.
• Order
- Will you stand up!
• Offer
- Who will have some coffee?

17. Will
• Intention
- I will write to my boss.
• Prediction
- You will have a big house soon.

18. Be expressions
• Be about to (sth which are going to
happen very soon)
- I am about to eat. Can you call back?
( we don’t use it with time expressions)
- I was about to call you in ten minutes.

19. Be expressions
• Be due to (used to talk about things
that are expected/planned to happen at
a certain time, generally with a time
expression)
- Are you due to hand in your homework
today?
- The train is due to arrive at Glasgow
Centrak at 12:12.

20. Be expressions
• Be likely to (used to talk about how
probable things are)
- Are parents who have a lot of money
likely to spoil their children?
• (often used to make comparisons with
more and less)
- I think men are more likely to spend a
lot of money on food than women are.

21. Be expressions
• Be meant to (used to talk about what is
desirable, expected or intended)
- It looks green to me.
Or, is it meant to be a different colour?
- It was meant to be an apology but it
only made her angry.

22. Be expressions
• Be supposed to (used to talk about
obligations and arrangements)
- Where were you? You were supposed
to be at the meeting.
- You’re supposed to have an hour for
lunch. That’s the law.