1. Advanced materials in CCS The content of this document is confidential and is reserved for the Customer only Egidio Zanin Centro Sviluppo Materiali SpA Business Development & Innovation Project Leader Energy & Transport CCS –WEC 18.10.2011

9. Example functional materials for CCS Absorption based stripping of carbon dioxide with amines in water (e.g. MEA), chilled ammonia are probably the first technologies to be deployed on a large scale for CCS. Full-scale demonstration units are currently being constructed. N° CCS –WEC 18.10.2011 Metal oxides. Chemical looping Gas separation (air separation) OTM / ITM power cycle ( Oxygen/ion Transport Membranes) Membranes Oxyfuel-combustion Ionic Liquids molten salts that do not evaporate High temperature – CaO, etc Low temperature - zeolites, MOFs, activated carbons, supported amines (silica, polymer etc supports) hydrotalcites Solid Sorbents Alkano/ amine based materials, advanced solvent systems Chemical Solvents Post–Combustion Capture Metal and ceramic types for CO2 – H2 separation Membranes High temperature – SEWGS ( Sorption-Enhanced Water-Gas Shift) type materials Low temperature – activated carbons, zeolites, other porous solids Solid Sorbents Rectisol, Selexol, Purisol. Physical Solvents Pre-combustion capture Notes / Example materials Process CCS Technology

10. Key routes to materials degradation N° CCS –WEC 18.10.2011 Break down of particles / pellets of solid materials in the capture system and subsequent loss. Attrition Reduction in CO 2 capture capacity (competition for pores), hydrolysis, swelling, pore blocking, dissolution, corrosion and hydrolysis reactions. Water Fly ash not removed from combustion process in the case of coal. Causing clogging of porous materials, associated systems. Particulates Other acid gases reacting irreversible with CO 2 reactive sites. Resulting in loss of capacity and eventual breakdown of materials. Interaction with other gases (SO 2 , NO 2 , HCl, H 2 S, HCN, COS) Oxidative degradation reported to be main degradation processes for solvent systems . Oxygen Thermal breakdown of materials during capture and regeneration cycles. For some high temperature materials this can result from agglomeration and sintering reactions. Thermal Degradation A potential problem for chemically active functional materials where repeat cycles can lead to degradation. For example carbamate polymerisation for 1  or 2  amines as observed in amine solvents above 100  C . Chemical degradation / alteration Potential and Impact Process

11. Life time prediction and assessments of critical components (optimization of materials design and elaboration of behaviour models: creep, creep-fatigue. oxidation, ….) Improved materials and protective systems (coatings) under new operating conditions (USC, Gas turbines, Co- and oxy- combustion). Production and verification of large components and welded joints (advanced steam turbine, USC) of currently state of art materials. Improvement of monitoring methods. Structural materials main challenges A-USC boilers Oxycombustion boilers IGCC/Gas turbine CO2 Transport Structural materials N° CCS –WEC 18.10.2011

15.  Flue gases in an oxy-combustion coal plant are rich in CO2 and steam water , NOx and SOx: oxidation/corrosion issue.  For oxy-fuel gas turbines with a mixture of CO 2 /H 2 O as working medium, an adaptation of the available technology for gas turbine and future developments should be available by 2020. Needs: Improvement of failure mode mechanisms. Ceramic and refractory materials for very aggressive environments. Structural materials for oxy-combustion N° CCS –WEC 18.10.2011

16. A multipartner project, MACPLUS N° MACPLUS : Ma terial- C omponent P erformance-driven Solutions for L ong-Term Efficiency Increase in U ltra S upercritical S upercritical Power Plants Budget : 18,2 M€ (10.7 EU funding) Coordinator : Centro Sviluppo Materiali Other Partners : Dong Energy, RWE, Endesa, E.ON, Doosan Babcock, Alstom, Foster Wheeler, Ciuden, Tubacex, TUV, Cogne Acciai speciali, Flame Spray, TU GRAZ, NPL, Un. Loughborough, FZ Juelich, DTU, Imperial College, VTT, Goodwins Steel, Salzgitter Mannesmann, Aubert & Duval, Saarschmiede, Welding Research Institute VUZ, Royal Technical Univ. ( KTH ), Fraunhofer-Freiburg ( IWM ), Research, FZ Jülich Industrial realisation and testing of innovative material-component solutions is envisaged: ceramic refractory, advanced WJs in MARBN steels, super heaters in optimised austenitic steel and Ni-base alloy, improved SRC thick-walled pipe, coated solutions for boiler pipes. Advanced modelling for production of high alloy steel and Ni-base alloy for steam turbine components (rotor, casing), as well as integrated advanced design and testing criteria for HT components development, integration and standardization Full-scale prototypes of candidate material-component solutions installed into industrial plant(s) and/or test loop(s) / rig(s) CCS –WEC 18.10.2011

17. Advanced Refractory materials The conditions occurring in oxy-combustion plants, coupled with the fuel flexibility, represent a critical factor for refractory materials, New low cost solutions are required. CSM, is developing a functionally graded material consisting of a low cost refractory substrate coated with a protective layer having superior corrosion resistance that will be tested in Ciuden plant.

21. CO 2 Transport Cost Estimates for Large-Scale N°

24. Thank you For any request: Egidio Zanin e-mail [email_address] Tel +39 065055830 N°