The attached slides are from a presentation made at the annual Internet2 Conference which was held this year in San Antonio, Texas. The slides were developed/co-presented by Jerry Sheehan (Calit2) and Rod Wilson (Nortel)

1. How Your Network Can Help Reduce Your Carbon Footprint and Create a Greener Campus Jerry Sheehan, California Institute for Telecommunications & Information Technology (jerry@ucsd.edu) Rod Wilson, Nortel Networks (rgwilson@nortel.com) Internet 2, Fall Member Meeting October 6, 2009 8:45-10:00

2. Climate Change and ICT Climate Change 101 The Role of ICT in Anthropomorphic Climate Change Climate Regulation and ICT The Case of British Columbia: A Carbon Neutral Reality The Case of California: A Carbon Constrained Future The Case of Aviation: A Potential ICT Future? Calit2: A Testbed for ICT Enabled Carbon Reduction NSF Major Research Instrumentation Project GreenLight Flexible Work and Telepresence Smarter Buildings Smarter Transportation International Partnerships Presentation Overview

3. Presentation Overview Enablers and Innovation Government assists CANARIE Canada California Strategic Innovation Initiative (CCSIP) Green ICT & next generation Data Centers Power Bandwidth Control Finding maximum Bandwidth agility and flexibility Re thinking the Virtual Machine Turntable

4. Climate Change & ICT

5. Warming is Over 100 Times Faster TodayThan During the Last Ice Age! SOURCE: http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/program_history/keeling_curve_lessons.html SOURCE: Monnin, et al., Science v. 291 pp. 112-114, Jan. 5, 2001. CO2 Has Risen From 335 to 385ppm (50ppm) in 30 years or 1.6 ppm per Year CO2 Rose From 185 to 265ppm (80ppm) in 6000 years or 1.33 ppm per Century

6. Temperature Has Increased 1F in Last Century Source: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, The Causes of Global Climate Change, Science Brief 1, August 2008

7. The Planet is Already Committed to a Dangerous Level of Warming Temperature Threshold Range that Initiates the Climate-Tipping Earth Has Only Realized 1/3 of theCommitted Warming - Future Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Move Peak to the Right Additional Warming over 1750 Level SOURCE: V. Ramanathan and Y. Feng, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD September 23, 2008 www.pnas.orgcgidoi10.1073pnas.0803838105

8. Global Climate Disruption Early Signs:Arctic Summer Ice is Rapidly Decreasing “The Arctic Ocean will be effectively ice free sometime between 2020 and 2040, although it is possible it could happen as early as 2013.” --Walt Meier, Research Scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Centre at the University of Colorado SOURCE: http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10213891-54.html

9. The Carbon Footprint of ICT SOURCE: Smart2020 Report & The US Addendum, The Climate Group, 2008

10. Climate Regulation & ICT

11. GHG Regulation in British Columbia Bill 44-2007 was introduced in 2007 and enacted into law in 2008. The law is known as the Greenhouse Gas Reductions Target Act. The Act establishes greenhouse gas emission target levels for the Province. 2020 BC GHG will be 33% less than 2007. 2050 BC GHG will be 80% less than 2007. Bill mandates that by 2010 each public sector organization must be carbon neutral. If a public sector organization can not achieve carbon neutrality then they are required to purchase offsets. Offsets must be purchased from the Pacific Carbon Trust. The cost for public sector organizations is $24 per ton of CO2e. SOURCE: “Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 2007”, Ministry of Environment, Victoria, British Columbia, July 2009

12. SOURCE: http://climateaction.ubc.ca/category/emission-sources SOURCE: UBC Climate Action Plan, GHG 2006 Inventory SOURCE: UBC Sustainability Office, August 2009 The Cost of Regulation: The University of British Columbia

14. 2010 GHG emissions set to 2000 levels.

15. 2020 GHG emissions set to 1990 levels.

16. 2050 GHG emissions set to 80% of 1990 levels.

17. AB 32 Overview (Signed Into Law 2006)

18. Identify statewide GHG emissions for 1990 to serve as emissions limit to be achieved by 2020.

19. 427 million metric tons of CO2e goal, roughly 30% reduction.

20. Mandatory reporting and verification of GHG emissions by major emitters on or before Jan 1, 2008.

21. If you emit over 25,000 metric tons of CO2e reporting is required.

22. Identify and adopt regulations for discrete early actions enforceable by or before January 2010.

23. Ensure early voluntary reductions receive appropriate credit in AB32 implementation.

24. Convene Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise in development of scoping plan and implementation of AB32.

25. Appoint an Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory CommitteeSOURCE: 2009 Climate Adaptation Strategy Draft, p15, 2009

27. University of California System Wide Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets

28. By 2014 reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels.

29. By 2020 reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels.

30. All UC campuses have joined the California Climate Action Registry.

31. Verified GHG reporting for all campuses.

32. Most campuses have created and begun implementation of climate action plans.SOURCE: 2008 ACUPCC Signatories-605

33. 42% of States Have Existing GHG Reduction Targets SOURCE: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Climate101-State Actions, January 2009 State GHG Targets2009

34. Federal Climate Legislation in the United States October 2009 The EPA Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule (March 2009) in response to Public Law 110-161 (08 Appropriations) “EPA has proposed a rule that requires mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from larges sources in the United States….In general, EPA proposes that supplier of fossil fuels or industrial greenhouse gases, manufactures of vehicles and engines, and facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons or more per year of GHG emissions submit annual reports to the EPA” Waxman-Markey H.R. 2454 passes the House in July 2009 by a vote of 219 Ayes, 212 Nays, 3 Present Wide ranging energy and sustainability bill but we are most interested in the carbon cap provisions and timeline. If you emit above your “cap” you are required to purchase offsets. Offsets would be about $11-$15 per ton in 2012 and roughly double in price by 2025. Kerry-Boxer Clean Energy Jobs & American Power Act More aggressive CO2 reduction targets then Waxman-Markey (20% by 2020 over 2005, 80% by 2050). Clean transportation is emphasized as part of CO2 reduction strategy. Cap and Trade becomes “Pollution Reduction & Investment”. EPA lead agency for regulation of any CO2 emitting entity over 25,000 tons. NYT, 9.30: Best guess is as of September 30 there are about 45 yes votes for the legislation.

35. Carbon Regulation:Does Air Transportation Show ICT’s Future?

36. Calit2: A Living Laboratory for ICT Enabled Carbon Reduction

37. Calit2 GreenLight: An NSF MRI

39. Specialized Co-Processing in Generalized Execution Environment (Rajesh Gupta)

40. Conserving Resources Through Virtualization (AminVahdat)

41. Power and Thermal Management (TajanaRosing)

42. Virtual and Augmented Reality (FalkoKuester, Jurgen Schulze, Tom DeFanti, BhaskarRao)

43. Service Oriented Architecture (Ingolf Krueger, PavelPevzner, Matt Arrott)

44. Capturing, Storing, Analyzing, and Sharing Energy Consumption Data (Jim Hollan)

46. Ocean Observatory Environment (Matt Arrott)

47. Pathway Assembly and Bioinformatics (Trey Idekar)

48. Computational Service for Metagenomics (Paul Gilna, Kayo Arrao, Phil Papadopoulous)

50. Developed compute intensive software (InsPecT/MS-Alignment for their work) for analysis of protein’s post translational modifications (PTMs).

51. This is their most compute intensive code.

52. Convey Computer Has New Computer Architecture

53. Combination of multi-core and frame programmable gate arrays (FPGA).

54. Main innovation of HC1 is reconfigurable computing resources in memory coherent manner to mainstream processing.

55. Environmental and Scientific Benefit

56. One rack for HC-1 replaces eight racks of traditional HPC servers.

57. Current benchmarks for fastest “blind search” is months. HC-1 benchmark is 1-2 days.

59. Smarter Buildings Mean Better MeteringCalit2@UCSD Case Study SOURCE: Smart2020, US Addendum, The Climate Working Group,2008 SOURCE: http://buildingdashboard.com/clients/ucsandiego/

60. Smarter BuildingsWhat Can We Learn About Mixed Use Buildings 500 Occupants, 750 Computers Detailed Instrumentation to Measure Macro and Micro-Scale Power Use 39 Sensor Pods, 156 Radios, 70 Circuits Subsystems: Air Conditioning & Lighting Conclusions: Peak Load is Twice Base Load 70% of Base Load is PCs and Servers 90% of That Could Be Avoided! SOURCE: Rajesh Gupta, CSE, Calit2

61. Travel Substitution @ Calit2Daily Use Daily Telepresence: Flexible Work, Virtualized Assistant, using Skype SOURCE: Smart2020, US Addendum, The Climate Working Group,2008 Weekly Virtual Meetings of Director’s Office Using Polycomm Desktop

63. US/Canada: 108 CTS 3000, 109 CTS 1000, 6 CTS 3200, 90 CTS 500, 3 CTS1300

64. APAC: 29 CTS 3000, 34 CTS 1000, 14 CTS 500, 3 CTS 3200, 1 CTS1300

65. Japan: 7 CTS 3000, 2 CTS 1000, 1 CTS 500, 1 CTS 3200, 1 CTS1300

66. Europe: 31 CTS 3000, 35 CTS 1000, 5 CTS3200, 27CTS500, 2 CTS1300

68. 473K hours (average meeting is 1.25 hrs)

69. 27K+ meetings with customers to discuss Cisco Technology over TelePresence

70. 68K+ meetings avoidedtravel

74. Travel Substitution: Auditorium to Auditorium (A2A) Collaboration using LifeSize HD September 8, 2009 SOURCE: Photo by Erik Jepsen, UC San Diego

75. The Future of TelepresenceUsing Digital Cinema 4k Streams Keio University President Anzai UCSD Chancellor Fox Streaming 4k with JPEG 2000 Compression ½ Gbit/sec 4k = 4000x2000 Pixels = 4xHD 100 Times the Resolution of YouTube! CINEGRID: Lays Technical Basis for Global Digital Cinema Sony NTT SGI Calit2@UCSD Auditorium

76. Using ICT For Smarter TransportationThe Calit2 Traffic System SOURCE: Smart2020, US Addendum, The Climate Working Group,2008 SOURCE: http://traffic.calit2.net

77. How Your Network Can Help Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Bits and optical bandwidth are virtually carbon free Optical networks (as opposed to electronic routed networks) have much smaller carbon footprint Significant reduced CO2 impacts are possible through use of cyber-infrastructure tools like virtualization, clouds, SOA, grids, Web 2.0, etc. Research needed in new “zero carbon” computer and network architectures needed to connect remote computers, databases and instruments will be essential New zero carbon applications and “gCommerce” Complete computational Virtualization and migration enabler for “follow the sun” and other green energy sources.

78. Your Carbon Inventory ISO 14062 analysis life cycle operation 5 years coal Optical Switch 4 tons 20 tons Router 16 tons 500 tons Optical Amplifiers 2 tons 40 tons Computer server 12 tons 40 tons Ethernet switch 8 tons 20 tons PC 20 tons 5 tons Travel to install and repair - 100 tons Virtualized network can save 50% of your carbon emissions! You must take action to achieve reductions

79. Enablers and Innovations Zero Carbon ICT Purchasing green power locally is expensive with significant transmission line losses Demand for green power within cities expected to grow dramatically ICT facilities DON’T NEED TO BE LOCATED IN CITIES -Cooling also a major problem in cities But most renewable energy sites are very remote and impractical to connect to electrical grid. Can be easily reached by an optical network Provide independence from electrical utility and high costs in wheeling power Savings in transmission line losses (up to 15%) alone, plus carbon offsets can pay for moving ICT facilities to renewable energy site ICT is only industry ideally suited to relocate to renewable energy sites Also ideal for business continuity in event of climate catastrophe

80. CANARIE Leadership The result of this initiative will provide a significant Green ICT enablement model and data. Results will help quantify and demonstrate workable solutions. Canada’s advanced research network and research organization June 1st Call for million $ Green ICT grant proposals Demonstrate technical feasibility and usability of relocating computers and other cyber infrastructure to zero-carbon data centres that are connected by optical networks, and powered solely by renewable energy sources such as the sun or the wind, and Create business case for providing carbon offsets (and/or equivalent services) to university researchers and IT personnel who reduce their carbon footprint by relocating computers and instrumentation to zero-carbon data centres 23 proposals submitted Final decisions not yet publicly announced

81. Canada California Strategic Innovation Partnership 5 areas of research: Carbon capture; Green It; Infectious Disease; Next Gen Media; sustainable bio-fuels MOU : California, Canada campuses combat greenhouse gas emissions with green IT University of British Columbia is first University signatory to the MOU

82. Green IT MoU Initial Signatories: UCSD, UBC, PROMPT To share best practices in reducing GHG emissions and baseline emission data for cyber-infrastructure and networks as per ISO 14064, To explore carbon reduction strategies by new network and distributed computing architectures such as PROMPT G-NGI, OptiPuter and CineGrid. To work with R&E network to explore relocation of resources to renewable energy sites, virtualization, etc. To explore the potential for a “virtual” carbon trading systems To explore the creation of a multi-sector pilot of a generalized ICT carbon trading system including stakeholders from government, industry, and universities. To collaborate with each other and with government agencies and departments and other organizations

83. Current Data Center Challenges Cooling and electrical costs can represent up to 44% of a data centers total cost of ownership The Uptime Institute estimates , the three-year cost of powering and cooling servers is currently one-and-a-half times the cost of purchasing server hardware With the growing demand for cheaper and ever-more-powerful high-performance computer clusters, the problem is not just paying for the computers, but determining whether institutions have the budget to pay for power and cooling Current Campus power is at a premium if available at all to light new initiatives Some institutions can’t deploy more servers because extra space and electricity isn’t available at any price. Many utilities, especially those in crowded urban areas, are telling customers that power feeds are at capacity and they simply have no more power to sell. BC Hydro currently has to import power to meet its demands source: Dan Gillard BCnet 04/09

84. British Columbia BCnet Leadership The Concept Use cyber infrastructure to combat global warming by reducing computing infrastructure’s carbon footprint Find efficient ways to share computing facilities that are close to sources of green power by utilizing BCNET’s advanced network infrastructure within the Province Make it possible for BC’s Universities to reduce their carbon footprint by relocating their existing ICT infrastructure to “greener facilities” Build a zero carbon data centre and use the BCNET/CANARIE ROADM network to connect users to it

85. ROAM Network as Enabler Bandwidth when required …where required 100GBPS Ready SOURCE: Eric Bernier, CTO CANARIE

87. Performance of 100Gb/s over a 50GHz grid

88. 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s on a network carrying 5 x 10 Gb/s live traffic

89. 100Gb/s and 10Gb/s on adjacent channels on a 50GHz grid and on a 100GHz grid

91. Power: Locating BC’s Green Data Centre Where: MUST be in the BC Interior Greenest? Greener? Green? source: Dan Gillard BCnet 04/09

93. Green House Data, Cheyenne WO

94. AISO wind powered data farm

96. The SC06 VMT Demonstrator SC|2006 KREOnet Korea Internal/External Sensor Webs DRAC Controlled Lightpaths DataCenter @Tampa Amsterdam Netherlight Nortel’s Sensor Services Platform Computation at the Right Place & Time! We migrate live Virtual Machines, unbeknownst to applications and clients, for data affinity, business continuity / disaster recovery, load balancing, or power management

97. Concluding Thoughts Green ICT needs to Move Beyond “Data Centers” to Showing the Full Range of Challenges and Opportunities. We need to remember that “It’s about the carbon, dummy.” Academic CIOs need to begin to think strategically about how to use ICT to enable carbon minimized computing and education. What does it do to our networking needs? Who skills do we need to have that we don’t currently have?