1. Java Tutorial – Objective
In this Java tutorial, we are going to learn about java evolution,
development of Java language, java features, Java frameworks, and Java
support systems. Java tutorial covers various development tools, classes in
Java programming, and Java methods which comprises the Java
environment. This tutorial on java will help you get a quick insight into the
Java programming language and thus, help you learn java language.
Java Tutorial – java language
2. Introduction to Java Programming Language
Java Programming is a general-purpose object-oriented programming
language, designed for the development of software for consumer
electronic devices such as TVs, VCRs, toasters, etc.
Java is a platform neutral language, which means it is not tied to any
particular hardware or operating system. It guarantees users to ‘write once,
run anywhere’. Java language is supported by almost every operating
system such as Sun Solaris, RedHat, Windows etc.
Java Tutorial- Introduction to Java Language

Java programming language was developed by Sun Microsystems of the
USA in 1991, it was originally calledOak by James Gosling, who was one
of the inventors of the language. The main goal for the developers was to
make the language highly reliable,portable and simple.
The team for the development of Java language included Patrick
Naughton, who discovered that the existing languages such as C and C++
had some major drawbacks in terms of reliabilityand portability. They
modeled the new language Java on C and C++ while removing some
features which they considered as constraints. This made Java a really
simple, portable and powerful language. To learn java basics, let’s
revise Java syntax.
3. Java Tutorial – History of Java
There is a chronicle of events that occurred during the whole course of
development of the Java language.
 1990-A team of Sun Microsystems programmers decided to
develop a special software to manipulate consumer electronic
devices. The team headed by James Gosling
 1991-The team studied various languages present at that time, viz.,
C and C++ and announced the newlanguage to be “Oak”.
 1992-The team at Sun known as Green Project demonstrated the
applicationoftheirnew language. For example, to control a list of
home appliances usinga hand device with the tinytouchscreen.
 1993-The World Wide Web came to the internet and transformed
the text-based Internet into the graphical rich environment.The
Green Project team came up with an idea of developingWeb
applets (tinyprograms)that could run on all types of computers
connected to the internet.
 1994-The team developed a web browser called “HotJava” to locate
and run applet programs on the internet.This made it immensely
popularamongst the internet users.
 1995-Oak was renamed as “Java”, due to some legal snags. Java is a
name, no acronym.
 1996-Java programmingwas established as the leader for internet
programmingand also as a general-purpose object-oriented
programminglanguage.Sun releases Java Development Kit 1.0.

 1997-Sun releases Java Development Kit 1.1 (JDK 1.1)
 1998-Sun releases the Java 2 with version 1.2 of the Software
Development Kit (SD K 1.2)
 1999-Sun releases Java 2 platform, Standard Edition(J2SE) and
Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
 2000-Release ofJ2SE with SDK 1.3.
 2002-The release of J2SE with SDK 1.4.
 2004-The release of J2SE with JDK 5.0 (instead of JDK 1.5), known as
J2SE 5.0.
 2006- The release of Java SE 6.
 2011- The release of Java SE 7.
 2014- The release of Java SE 8.
 2017- The release of Java SE 9.
4. Features of Java Programming
Java Tutorial- Features of Java Programming Language
The main goal of the inventors was to design a language which could offer
solutions to the problems encountered in modern programming. The goal
being the language to be reliable,portable and distributed and at the same
time simple, compact and interactive.
a. Compiled and Interpreted
Java language combines both of these approaches thus making Java a two-
stage system. This approach was never offered before, as any language
before was either compiled or interpreted.
Firstly, Java compiler translates source code into bytecode instructions,
bytecodes are not machine instructions.
Secondly, Java interpreter generates machine code that can be directly
executed by the machine that is running the Java program.
b. Independent and Portable
Java programs can be easilymoved from one system to another, anywhere
and anytime. Changes or any upgrade in the operating system, processors
and system resources will not force any changes in Java programs.

Java programming ensures portability in two ways: firstly, Java compiler
generates bytecode instructions that can be implemented on any machine,
and secondly, the size of the primitive data types are machine independent.
c. Object-oriented
Almost everything in Java language is an object, which makes it a true
object-oriented language. All program code and data reside within objects
and classes.Java comes with an extensive set of classes, arranged in
packages, which are used in program inheritance.
d. Robust and Secure
Java language provides many safeguards to ensure reliable code. It has
strict run-time checking for data types. It is designed as a garbage
collected language, i.e., it captures series errors and eliminates any risk of
crashing the system.
Java systems verify all the memory access and thus ensures that no virus is
communicated with an applet.
e. Distributed
Java programming facilitates both, sharing of data and programs. Java
applications can open and access remote objects on Internet as easily as on
any local system.
f. Simple, Small and Familiar
Java is a simplified version of C++, which is why it is familiar and yet
different as it eliminates all the redundant and unreliable code. For
example, Java does not use pointers, preprocessor header files, and many
others. It also eliminates operator overloading and multiple inheritances in
Java.
g. Multithreaded and Interactive
Multithreaded means handling different tasks simultaneously. Java
language supports multithreaded programs, which means that we need not
have to wait for one task to finish for another to start. This feature of java
greatly improves the interactive performance of graphical applications.

h. High Performance
Java programming performance is very impressive considering the fact
that is an interpreted language, mainly because of the bytecodes. Java
architecture is designed to reduce overheads.
i. Dynamic and Extensible
Java is a dynamic language, it is capable of dynamically linking in new
class libraries,methods, and objects. It can also determine the type of class
through query.
j. Ease of Development
Java 2 standard edition (J2SE) 5.0 supports features such as Generics,
Enhanced for loop, Autoboxing or unboxing, Typesafe enums, varargs,
Static import and Annotation. These java features make it easy for the java
programmer by shifting the responsibilityof creating the reusable code to
the compiler, and also the resulting code is free from bugs.
k. Scalability and Performance
J2SE 5.0 improves the startup time and reducing the amount of memory
used in Java 2 runtime environment. Learn more features of Java.
5. Java Tutorial – C vs Java vs C++
Java Tutorial – C vs C++ vs JAVA
a. C vs Java
The major difference between C vs Java Programming language is that
Java is an Object Oriented language and has a mechanism to define classes
and objects in java. The features of C which are not included in Java are:
 No unique statement keywords of C size and typedef.
 No data types such as struct and union.
 Java does not define the type modifier keywords such as auto,
extern,register, signed and unsigned.
 No support forpointer type.
 Non-availabilityofpreprocessor

 Java requires that the function with no argument must be declared
with emptyparenthesis and with the void keyword.
 New Java operators such as instanceofand >>>.
 Java programminghas labeled breakand continue statements.
b. Java vs C++
The main difference between c++ vs Java is that Java is a true Object-
oriented language while C++ just adds an object-oriented extension to C.
The increment operator in C++ indicates the same thing.
The features listed below are intentionally omitted from Java language to
make it better.
 No support foroperatoroverloading.
 No template classes as in C++.
 A new feature called “interface” in Java programmingand thus not
supportingmultiple inheritances.
 Java language does not support global variables.
 Java uses a finalize () function instead ofthe destructorfunction.
 There are no header files in Java programming.
Let’s discuss Java Regular Expression and Java Array.
6. Java Tutorial – Java Language and the Internet
Java Tutorial – Java Language and Internet
Java is often called Internet language because the first application program
written in Java was HotJava, a Web browser to run applets on the Internet.
Internet users can use Java to create applets and run them locallyusing
HotJava. A Java-enabled browser to download an applet located anywhere
on the Internet can also be used.
Java applets have made the Internet a true extension of the storage system
on local computers. Internet users can also set up their websites containing
Java applets that could be used by remote users.

7. Java Tutorial – Java Programming and World Wide Web
Java Tutorial – Java Programming Language with WWW
World Wide Web (www) is an information retrieval system where any
information or file is identified as Uniform source Locators (URLs) and
are interlinked via hypertext links. WWW can be accessed with the help of
internet.
Internet and Java programming, both had the same philosophy and thus
they were incorporated with each other easily. Java made it possible for
the World Wide Web to support animation, graphics, games, and a wide
range of special effects.
To communicate with any web page, Java uses APPLETs. The steps
involved are –
1. The user requests fora hyperlinkdocument to remote computer’s
web server. (a web server receives, processes,and sends the
requested document)
2. The document contains the APPLET tag, which identifies the applet.
3. Java source code file compiles the bytecode for that applet,which is
then transferred to user’s computer.
4. The browser which is enabled byJava programmingthen interprets
the bytecode and provides the output.
8. Java Tutorial – Support Systems
The operations of Java language and Java-enabled browsers on the internet
requires a variety of support systems, namely,
 Internet Connection
 Web server
 Web Browser
 HTML- A language for creatinghypertext for the web.
 APPLET tag
 Java code
 Bytecode
 Proxy Server-an intermediate serverbetween the requestingclient
workstation and the original server.

 Mail Server
9. Java Tutorial – Java Environment
It includes a large number of java development tools and java classes and
methods.
The Java development tools are part of the system known as Java
Development Kit (JDK) and the classes and the methods in Java are a part
of the Java Standard Library (JSL), also known as the Application
Programming Interface (API).
a. Java Development Kit
Java Development Kit includes-
 appletviewer (forviewing Java applets)
 javac ( Java compiler)
 java ( Java interpreter )
 javap ( Java disassembler )
 javah ( for C header files)
 javadoc( for creating HTML files )
 jdb ( Java debugger )
b. Application Programming Interface
The Java Standard Library includes classes and packages, some most
commonly used packages are-
Language Support Package- A collection of Java classes and methods
required for implementing basic features of Java.
 UtilityPackage- To provide java utilityfunctions.
 Input/output Package-For java input/ outputmanipulation.
 Networking Package- For communicatingvia the internet.
 AWT Package- The abstract window toolkit package contains classes
that implement platform independent graphical user interface.
 Applet Package- It allows to create Java applets.

c. Java Runtime Environment
It facilitates the execution of Java programs, comprising-
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) – It interprets the intermediate Java bytecode
and generates the desired output.
 Runtime class libraries-These are a set of core Java class libraries
for execution of the java program.
 User interface toolkits-Used for interaction with the Java
applicationprogram.
 Deployment technologies
1)Java plugin- Enables the execution of a Java applet.
2) Java Web start- Enables an application to directly launch from the web
browser without installing. Learn more about Java Datatypes and Java
Modifiers.
10. Java Tutorial – Constructs
Constructs are basicallyreserved keywords in any language, which cannot
be used in rest of the programs, i.e., as name of variables in Java, class or
method. Java has around 50 such words,they are-
11. Conclusion
Finally, In this Java tutorial, we learned about the history of Java
programming language, java features, how java is different from C and
C++, how it is incorporated in World Wide Web with help of Web
browsers and the environment required for running Java applications.