13. • Stationary Source:
• i). Point source: Sources are stationary and
very large in nature.
Ex: Industries and power plants
ii). Area Source: Sources are stationary
and are small areas with indefinite direction.
Ex: Heating in residence and open burning.
14. • 2. Mobile Sources:
i). Line source:
Ex: Traffic of highways, Railways, Air traffic.
ii). Area source:
Ex: Airports, Railway station, Bus stands and
ports.
25. • Carbon mono oxide
• It is produced chiefly through incomplete
combustion.
• Some carbon mono oxide is also produced
(natural sources) by geophysical processes and
biological processes like volcanic eruptions,
natural gas emissions, electrical discharges,
marsh gas and seed germination.
26. • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• It is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a
result of human activities such as the burning
of coal, oil, and natural gases.
27. • Oxides of Sulphur
• Oxides of sulfur include SO2 and SO3. They are
chiefly produced by combustion of fossil fuel
in stationary sources. Thermal power plants
contribute a large share. Transportation and
Industrial processes also generate them. They
are corrosive in nature.
28. • Oxides of Nitrogen
• Oxides of Nitrogen are produced due to
combustion but a larger quantity is generated
by natural processes. Of the man made
activities producing oxides of Nitrogen (NO
and NO2) are the combustion both from
transportation as well as from stationary
• sources. Oxides of Nitrogen also play a
significant role in photochemical smog and
ozone formation.
30. Chlorine (Cl2)
• Chlorine concentrations change very
rapidly in the atmosphere due to
atmospheric chemistry and light rain can
remove all the chlorine from the air in a
very short time
31. Hydrocarbons
• An organic compound containing only Hydrogen and
Carbon and are gaseous at room temperature are
designated as Hydrocarbons. In unpolluted areas,
methane (CH4, a natural decay gas) is most abundant.
Other hydrocarbons normally noticeable are
petroleum products and gasoline viz. Olefin,
acetylene, benzene, ethylene and toluene. They are
highly reactive and cause smog formation.
32. Lead
• Lead is produced mostly as a result of metal
and ore processing motor vehicle exhaust
used to be a major source of Lead pollution,
however regulatory efforts to reduce lead and
fuel has let to a massive reduction in lead
emissions.
33. Ozone (O3)
• It is highly reactive gas composed of three
oxygen atoms, that is not emitted directly to the
air , but it is formed as a result of sunlight acting
on other chemicals in the air. Ground level ozone
is a pollutant whereas ozone that occurs
naturally in the upper atmosphere has a
protective function.
34. Particulate Matter
• Particulate matter is a complex mixture of
small particles and liquid droplets.
• less than 10 micrometres
• deepest parts of the lungs and enter the
bloodstream.
35. VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds)
• Carbohydrates, organic compounds and
solvents.
• Petrol and gasoline reservoirs, industrial
processes and fuel combustion, paint and
cleanser use, or agricultural activities.
37. Human health effects
• The pollen grains and spore produces allergic
reaction , asthma and bronchitis in several persons.
• Sulphur dioxide enter the soft tissue and produces
drying of mouth, scratchy throat and sorting eyes.
• Mine dust causes black lung disease.
• Lead causes anaemia headache, damage of
erythrocytes and central nervous system.
38. Plants and crops
• The pollutants then induce oxidative stress
producing free radicals and reactive oxygen
species (ROS) that cause damage at different
levels.
disruption of the cellular metabolism
degradation of chlorophyll
mineral deficiencies
39. Most effected pollutants - plants
• The Hydrofluoric Acid (HF)
• Sulphur Oxides
• Acid rain – Ca, K and Mg
40. Most effected Plants
Trees – American Columbo, Green Dragon, Rosewood or
Tipu, Quaking Aspen, Phantom Orchid, Honeylocust,
Walnut, Poplar, Oak, Willow, and more.
Crops – Wheat, Rice, Tomato, Watermelon, Squash,
Potato, Tobacco, Soybeans, Cantaloupe, Muskmelon,
Alfalfa, Beets, Sunflower, Carrots, Sweet Corn, Gourds,
Green Peas, Turnips, Grapes, Peaches, and Strawberries.
Shrubs – Ponderosa pine, Crabapple, and Citrus
Leafy greens – Spinach and Celery
41. Animals
• Air pollution levels which can adversely
affect their lungs, trigger asthma and
cause chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
• Air pollution also increases risk of acute
cardiovascular events and development
of coronary artery disease in animals.
42. Most Affected Animals
• Birds-affected by the noxious mix of
pollutants.
• Ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)
cause direct, irreversible damage to
birds’ lungs. Long-term exposure can
lead to lung failure, poor immune system
and reproductive success, population
decline, and more.
43. Material damage
• Property devaluation
• Concrete and discoloration of
painted surfaces on the vehicles,
bulding and bridge structures
44. • Vegetation damage: Atmospheric
purification and air pollutants
reduction.
• Climate change: Effects on climate
changes include Green House Gases
and Ozone depletion.
• Aesthetic effects: Reduction in
visibility, discoloration of air,
photochemical smog
45. EIA ON AIR ENVIRONMENT
1. Evaluation and identification of sources, types and
quantities of pollutants generated by different phases of
project activity.
2. Detailed evaluation of existing ambient air quality,
meteorological data.
3. Examination of appropriate laws, regulations, or criteria to
be implemented statutorily for maintaining ambient air
quality.
4. Carrying out impact assessment of project acitivites using
mass balance, mathematic models and quantification
prediction.
5. Assessment of significance of anticipated beneficial and
detrimental impacts
6. appropriate mitigation, remediation measures for the
adverse impacts.
46. Air pollution sources of some activity
ACTIVITY AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
Solid Waste disposal Refuse incineration
Open burning
Sewage sludge incineration
Combustion activity Coal combustion,
oil combustion and
wood waste combustion
Industrial Mineral products Coal cleaning
Sand & gravel process stone
. Quarrying process
Chemical industrial process Boiler coal burning
Chemical reactor gaseous effluents
waste water treatment plants
Acidification and neutralization reaction
solvent evaporation
solvent evaporation in reaction process
47. How is Air pollution measured?
1. Pollution Standard Index (PSI)
2. Air Quality Index (AQI)
