The document discusses cancer including what it is, different types like carcinomas and sarcomas, how cancers are named based on their location, the process of normal cell growth becoming uncontrolled cancerous growth, how cancers are detected through screening tests, what can cause cancers like viruses, chemicals, radiation, and heredity, and ways to prevent cancers through behaviors like not smoking, limiting sun exposure, and diet.
3. Different Kinds of Cancer
Leukemias:
Some common
Bloodstream
carcinomas:
Lung Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Breast (women)
Colon Some common
sarcomas:
Bladder
Fat
Prostate (men)
Bone
Muscle
4. Naming Cancers
Cancer Prefixes Point to Location
Prefix Meaning
adeno- gland
chondro- cartilage
erythro- red blood cell
hemangio- blood vessels
hepato- liver
lipo- fat
lympho- lymphocyte
melano- pigment cell
myelo- bone marrow
myo- muscle
osteo- bone
5. Loss of Normal Growth Control
Normal
cell division
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—
no repair
Cancer
cell division
First Second Third Fourth or
mutation mutation mutation later mutation
Uncontrolled growth
6. Example of Normal Growth
Dead cells
shed from
outer surface
Epidermis
Cell migration
Dividing cells
in basal layer
Dermis
9. Invasion and Metastasis
1
Cancer cells invade
surrounding tissues
and blood vessels
2
Cancer cells are
transported by the
circulatory system
to distant sites
3
Cancer cells
reinvade and grow
at new location
10. Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Benign (not cancer) Malignant (cancer)
tumor cells grow cells invade
only locally and cannot neighboring tissues,
spread by invasion or enter blood vessels,
metastasis and metastasize to
different sites
Time
11. Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous
Brain
Melanoma
cells travel
through
bloodstream
Liver
Melanoma
(initial tumor)
22. Carcinoma in Situ
Normal Hyperplasia Mild Carcinoma in
dysplasia situ (severe
dysplasia) Cancer
(invasive)
23. Tumor Grading
General Relationship Between
Tumor Grade and Prognosis
100%
Low grade
Patient
Survival
Rate
High grade
1 2 3 4 5
Years
24. Tumor Staging
Five-Year Survival Rates for
Patients with Melanoma (by stage)
100%
50%
I II III
Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis
25. What Causes Cancer?
Some viruses or bacteria
Some chemicals Radiation
Heredity
Diet
Hormones
26. Population-Based Studies
Regions of Highest Incidence
U.K.:
Lung
cancer
JAPAN:
Stomach
cancer CANADA:
Leukemia
U.S.:
CHINA: Colon
Liver cancer
cancer
BRAZIL:
Cervical
AUSTRALIA: cancer
Skin
cancer
27. Heredity? Behaviors? Other Factors?
Colon Cancer Stomach Cancer
(Number of new cases (Number of new cases
per 100,000 people) per 100,000 people)
100 100
70
50
7
5
0 0
Japan Japanese U.S. Japan Japanese U.S.
families families
in U.S. in U.S.
28. Tobacco Use and Cancer
Some Cancer-Causing Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
29. Low-Strength Radiation
High
Dallas
Skin
Cancer
Incidence
Pittsburgh
Detroit
Low
Least Most
Annual Sunshine
(UV radiation)
30. High-Strength Radiation
High
Leukemia
Incidence
Low
Least Most
X-ray Dose
(atomic radiation)
31. Lag Time
20-Year Lag Time Between
Smoking and Lung Cancer
Cigarette
consumption
(men)
4000
Lung
150
Cigarettes 3000 cancer
Smoked Lung Cancer
(men)
per Person 100 Deaths (per
per Year 100,000 people)
2000
50
1000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Year
32. Viruses
Virus inserts
and changes
genes for
cell growth
Cancer-linked virus
33. Examples of Human Cancer Viruses
Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers
34. AIDS and Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Without
disease
HIV infection
Depressed
immune
system
KSHV infection
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
39. Cancer Risk and Aging
Cancer Risk and Aging
400
Colon
300
Breast
Number of
Cancer Cases 200
(per 100,000
people)
100
0 20 40 60 80
Age of Person (in years)
40. Genes and Cancer
Viruses
Chemicals Radiation
Heredity
Chromosomes
are DNA
molecules
42. DNA Mutation
CA AG C T A A C T
DNA
Normal gene
CA AG C G A A C T
Single base change
CA A G G CG C T A A C T
Additions
C
T
CA A G A A C T
Deletions
43. Oncogenes
Normal cell Normal
genes
regulate
cell growth
Oncogenes
Cancer cell accelerate
cell growth
and division
Mutated/damaged oncogene
44. Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth
Normal Growth-Control Pathway
Growth factor
Receptor
Signaling enzymes
Transcription
factors
DNA
Cell nucleus
Cell proliferation
45. Oncogenes are
Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes
Inactive growth factor receptor Inactive intracellular
signaling protein
Signaling protein from active oncogene
Activated gene
regulatory protein
Transcription
Cell proliferation driven by
internal oncogene signaling
46. Tumor Suppressor Genes
Normal cell Normal
genes
prevent
cancer
Remove or inactivate
tumor suppressor genes
Cancer cell Damage to
both genes
leads to
cancer
Mutated/inactivated
tumor suppressor genes
47. Tumor Suppressor Genes
Act Like a Brake Pedal
Tumor Suppressor
Gene Proteins
Growth factor
Receptor
Signaling
enzymes Transcription
factors
Cell nucleus DNA
Cell proliferation
48. p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein
Triggers Cell Suicide
p53 protein
Normal cell Excessive DNA damage Cell suicide
(Apoptosis)
49. DNA Repair Genes
Normal DNA repair
T C GA C
Base pair
mismatch No cancer
TC TAC
AG C T G
TCTAC TCT AC
AG C T G
Cancer
AG TG AG A T G
No DNA repair
50. Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations
Benign tumor cells Malignant cells invade
grow only locally and neighboring tissues, enter
cannot spread by blood vessels, and
invasion or metastasis metastasize to different sites
Time
Mutation Cells Mutations Proto-oncogenes More mutations,
inactivates proliferate inactivate mutate to more genetic
suppressor DNA repair oncogenes instability,
gene genes metastatic
disease
56. Limit Alcohol and Tobacco
Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes
Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus
40x
30x
Risk
Increase
20x
10x
Alcoholic Drinks
Consumed per Day
AND
Packs of Cigarettes
Consumed per Day
57. Diet: Limit Fats and Calories
Correlation Between Meat Consumption and
Colon Cancer Rates in Different Countries
40
30
Number of Cases
(per 100,000
people)
20
10
0 80 100 200 300
Grams (per person per day)
