4. Things to think about…
1) What considerations should guide the development
of American foreign policy?
2) When should the United States go to war?
3) What responsibilities do people with power have to
those people who have less power?
4) Did America’s emergence as a world power move
it closer or further away from its founding ideals?
6. Key Terms
Isolationism
Collective Security
Internationalism
Imperialism
Protectorate – Area protected and partially
controlled by another nation
7. Reasons For U.S. Imperialism
1) Global Competition
2) Cultural Superiority
3) Military Power
4) New Markets
8. 1) Global Competition
Competition with European countries
Africa and Asia seen as main targets
Only two African countries remain independent
Theodore Roosevelt’s desire to be a world
power
This is what world powers do
“As one of the great nations of
the world, the United States
must not fall out of the line of
march.” ~ U.S. Senator
What does this
mean???
9.
10. 2) Cultural superiority
Social Darwinism racial superiority
America’s duty to “Christianize and Civilize”
Idea that God had willed the United States to
be greater than all other nations (Manifest
Destiny)
Rudyard Kipling’s, “White Man’s Burden”
Josiah Strong’s, “Our Country”
11. Take up the White Man's burden--
Send forth the best ye breed--
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild--
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden--
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden--
The savage wars of peace--
Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hopes to nought.
According to Kipling, what is the “white
man’s burden?”
12. “It seems to me that God, with infinite
wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-
Saxon race for an hour sure to come in
the world's future.”
~ Josiah Strong from “Our Country”
13. 3) Naval Bases
Alfred T. Mahan – encourage U.S. to build
its naval power (compete with world
powers)
Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia
Need for naval bases for fuel stations
throughout the world
Throughout the Pacific
14. 4) New Markets
Surplus of goods
creating need for
new markets
throughout the
world (raw
materials and
foreign trade)
New investment
15. Our Acquisitions: Alaska
Purchased in 1867
William Seward, U.S. Secretary of State
Called “Seward’s Folly”
U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2
million
Equates to 2 cents / acre
Rich in natural resources
The Inflation Calculator
16. Our Acquisitions: Hawaii
Vital for food (sugar),
supplies, and fuel (Pearl
Harbor)
Spread Christianity
Issues of “duty free” status
Queen Liliuokalani – wanted
to rid American influence
(“Hawaii for the Hawaiians”)
Becomes a territory until
1959 (50th state)
17.
18. Our Acquisitions:
Samoa
Important for refueling
U.S. promises to help with disputes
among other countries
Divided among Germany and the United
States (almost led to war)
20. Events Leading up to War
U.S. attempts to buy Cuba
from Spain
Cuban War for Independence
Led by Jose Marti (Cuban poet)
American opinion split
Spanish Response
Valeriano Weyler (Spanish
General) beats rebellion and
imprisons thousands of Cubans
21. Causes of the War
Major Causes
1) Yellow Journalism
2) De Lome Letter
3) Sinking of the ‘U.S.S. Maine’
Minor Causes
1. Support of Monroe Doctrine
2. Desire for Empire
3. Belief in American
Superiority
22. Yellow Journalism
Sensational stories about Spanish
atrocities towards the Cubans
“Butcher Weyler”
Stories of poisoned wells and killing
children
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer fuel the war
“You furnish the
pictures and I’ll furnish
the war.” ~ Hearst
23. “Remember the Maine”
Like Pearl Harbor during
WWII, this slogan is at the
center of American public
support over the Spanish-
American War
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De Lome Letter
Enrique Dupuy de Lome
Spanish minister to the U.S.
Letter criticized the
President
Called him “weak” and
insulted greatly
Letter is stolen and leaked
to New York Journal
De Lome is forced to resign,
Spanish embarrassed and
Americans angry
25. “. . . it shows once more
what McKinley is: weak
and catering to the
rabble, and, besides, a
low politician, who
desires to leave a door
open to me and to stand
well with the jingoes of
his party.”
Dupuy de Lome Letter
26. Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine
Battleship sent in to escort American
citizens and protect property
Feb. 15, 1898 ship blows up in Havana
Harbor (260 men killed)
Debate over the reason for the ship
exploding still exists (newspapers blame
the Spanish angering Americans more)
April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on
Spain
27. America Attacked by foreign
powers
•U.S.S. Maine
•Lusitania (British ship a/
Americans)
•Pearl Harbor
•Twin Towers (‘93)
•Twin Towers (9/11)
30. War in the Philippines
First battle in the Philippines
Commodore George Dewey attacks the
Spanish fleet
31. War in the Philippines
Spanish are easily
defeated
U.S. receives help from
Filipino rebels
led by Emilio
Aguinaldo
Spanish surrender at
Manila
Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo
32. War in the Caribbean
Rough Riders cavalry
group led by Theodore
Roosevelt
Gain fame at Kettle Hill
and San Juan Hill (Cuba)
Spanish easily defeated
in Cuba
Soon after they are
defeated in Puerto Rico
33. Treaty of Paris
December 10, 1898
Terms
Cuba is given independence
Guam and Puerto Rico given to the U.S.
Spain sells Philippines to U.S. for $20 million
Actual war lasts a total of 15 weeks
361 American deaths, 2,061 of food poisoning
and disease
Sec. of State John Hay calls the war,
“a splendid little war.”
35. Effects on new areas
Puerto Rico
Foraker Act (1900) Set up gov’t where U.S.
had a great deal of influence
Puerto Ricans have been granted U.S.
citizenship
Cuba
Platt Amendment gives the U.S. far more
power in Cuba and right to intervene
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (Marine base)
36. Effects on the Philippines
U.S. acts much like the
Spanish in the Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo leads
rebellion against U.S.
(guerilla tactics)
37. 1917 = WWI
1941 = WWII
1950 = Korea
1964 = Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Vietnam
1991 = Persian Gulf War (invasion of Kuwait)
2001 = Invasion of Afghanistan (to depose the Taliban)
2003 = Invasion of Iraq (to depose Saddam Hussein)
Victory in the Spanish-American War touched off a new era in the
United States. Its role in world affairs forever changed; the
United States became involved in many foreign conflicts over the
next century.
The United States into the 21st Century
38. Part 3 - The United
States in Asia
America as a World Power Unit
39. Beginning of Trade
China being split by European powers
Spheres of Influence – only one nation can trade
in a specific area
Increased trade w/ the U.S.
American missionaries sent to China
Chinese workers come to America to work on
railroads
“The Empress of
China” trading goods
b/w the U.S. and
China
40. Conflict
Chinese want to preserve
traditional culture
Mixed perceptions of
China
exotic, backward and
immoral
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) suspends
Chinese immigration
41. Open Door Notes
Letters to share trading rights w/ the U.S.
John Hay (Sec. Of State for McKinley)
Agreed to by foreign powers, but not happy
42. Boxer Rebellion
Traditionalist Chinese become
angered
Attack and murder
missionaries, other
foreigners, and Chinese
converts
Hundreds of foreigners die,
thousands of Chinese die
in fighting
Rebellion eventually put down
and shaky relations with
China continue
43. Japan
1852 Commodore
Matthew Perry sent to
Japan to open trade
Conflicts
Japanese immigrants
begin coming to the West
Coast
Gentlemen’s Agreement
restriction on
immigration
Japan begins to adopt
western ideas and
44. Russo-Japanese War
Japan wanted to expand its influence
Become a world power
Need for resources
Take Manchuria, Korea and attack Russia
Japanese have great success (1st time an
eastern nation defeated a western power)
President Roosevelt intervenes to settle
conflict
45.
46. Roosevelt and the Treaty
Roosevelt wants both
to have open door
policy w/ China
Roosevelt fears
Japanese power
Treaty at Portsmouth,
NH (1905)
Roosevelt wins the
Nobel Peace Prize
“it could possibly mean a struggle
between them (Japan) and us in
the future” ~ Roosevelt
foreshadowing
47. Part 4: United States in Latin America
America as a World Power
48.
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Background
Monroe Doctrine – U.S.
opposes any European
involvement in Western
Hemisphere (1823)
Interested in protection
within own region
Concerned about potential
canal zone
Economic interests
50. U.S. Foreign Policy in
Latin America
Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt)
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)
Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)
51.
52. Big Stick Diplomacy
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” ~TR
Believed that the U.S. had to build up a strong
military
Military sphere of influence
The military would provide the “threat” of force
in order to protect American interests
The threat would allow America to back up its word
53.
54. A Latin American Police Force
Roosevelt Corollary – Says that US will intervene in
any Latin American country whose stability was in
question (get rid of European influence)
Military sphere of influence
Examples: Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Cuba,
Nicaragua, Haiti
Mixed Opinions
55. Dollar & Moral Diplomacy
William H. Taft
Dollar Diplomacy – urge banks and business to invest
in Latin America
Economic sphere of influence
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson was more an anti-imperialist
Thought using money or force would hurt the U.S. and
Latin America
Promote democratic gov’ts
56. Great White Fleet
Roosevelt sends U.S.
navy on a global cruise
16 white battleships to
show that U.S. is a
power in the Pacific
and the world
57. The panama canal
1880 – French company begins work on
a canal across Panama
Ferdinand de Lesseps (same man who
built the Suez Canal)
After a decade, the canal was canceled
(disease and terrain)
20,000 dead
in 9 years (French give up)
61. Revolution in Panama
French (Bunau-Varilla) help the Panamanians rebel
They want out.
Roosevelt supports Varilla by sending a warship
(U.S.S. Nashville)
With support from U.S., rebellion is successful
U.S. recognizes Panama as a new nation
Many believe it is a violation of Colombian rights
(eventually pay them $25 million)
62. Building the Canal
Problems
Disease-carrying mosquitoes
(yellow fever, malaria)
Humidity
Frequent accidents
William Gorgas – sent to
Panama to reduce death
from disease
The Size
More than 43,000 workers at
one time
63. Significance of Canal
50 mile canal
Trip was 8,000 miles
shorter
Gateway between the
Atlantic and Pacific
“The Land Divided, the
World United”
One of the two most
important canals in the
world
64. Part 5 - World War I
America as a World Power Unit
65. Europe before War
Fewer nations than today
All nations have national self-interests
hegemony = power
Balkan Peninsula is constantly unstable
Many nationalities
Great reliance on Alliance system
Belief that war would be quick
and victorious
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Austria-Hungary
The “sick man” of
Europe
Mediocre military,
industrial economy
An empire whose
best days were a
century or two past
Biggest Problem:
Ethnic Tensions
69. Germany
Unified in 1871Cultural Clashes
and Rivalry with Russia and
France
Most Industrialized
Most Feared Army
Fairly autocratic rule by Kaiser
Wilhelm II
70. Great Britain
Greatest Naval Power
Greatest Empire
Fairly Good Relations
with All Nations
Most Stable
Government
Relatively Small
Population
Industrialized, but
eclipsed by Germany
71. Italy
Newcomer (Unification in 1860s)
Relatively poor and underdeveloped
compared to other major powers
Relative loser in imperialist land-grab
Looking for Legitimacy
73. Russia
Europe’s Slow Giant
Enormous Population and Natural Resources
Ethnic tensions with Germany
Territorial tensions with Austria-Hungary
Fearful of Revolution
74. Long Term Causes of the War
M Militarism
A Alliances
I Imperialism
N Nationalism
75. (M)ilitarism
Definition –
development of armed
forces and their use
as a diplomatic tool
Military spending to
defend empires;
everybody wanted a
stronger military than
their competition
By 1890 – Great Britain
is greatest naval power;
Germany is greatest
European competition for
the greatest navy and
most advanced
technology
76. (A)lliances
Triple Entente – France, Great Britain and
Russia (a.k.a. the “allies”)
Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-
Hungary and Italy (a.k.a. the “central
powers”)
Purpose was to maintain the balance of
power and stop war from occurring
The system primarily set up by Otto Von
Bismarck (German statesman)
77.
78.
79. Otto Von Bismarck (1815-1898) –
Considered the founder of the
German Empire and architect of
the Alliance System
Bismarck helped to maintain the
balance of power in Europe, but
was forced to resign from
German government in 1890 by
William II.
80. Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) –
Emperor of Germany
Wilhelm led Germany through World
War I and gave up the throne in
1918. Fled to Holland and lived there
till his death. Very much an advocate
of German nationalism
81. (I)mperialism
Definition - Building of empires
economically and politically (not
exclusive to the US)
Colonies provide raw materials, markets,
and extension of power
Leads to competition and increased
militarism
All nations begin to extend their influence
throughout the “third world”
82.
83. (N)ationalism
Definition – devotion to the interests
and culture of one’s nation
Social Darwinism and ethnic differences
Leads to competition and rivalry among
European countries
Pan-Slavism A united country of Slavic
people protected by Russia (leads to
outbreak of war)
86. Dangerous to Serbia
Would have granted
Southern Slavs
autonomy (self-rule)
but couldn’t let them
be independent
Ended possible
revolution in Bosnia
and reunification with
Serbia
87. June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand visits
Sarajevo, Bosnia on a
goodwill tour
200th anniversary of A-
H’s rule over Bosnia
88. Last photo of Archduke and Princess alive – leaving city
hall after their banquet.
89. Bad Choice… Gavrilo Princip and
“Black Hand” gang
shot Ferdinand
while he visited
Sarajevo
90. Princip as he is arrested and before he can shoot
himself
91. Gavrilo Princip:
Facts:
(1) Wanted to free Bosnia from the rule of Austria-Hungary and make it
part of Serbia once again
(2) Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophia
(3) His purpose was to send a message to Austria-Hungary and promote
national self-determination
(4) The Assassination was planned and supported by the Serbian
government
Question:
Is Gavrilo Princip a terrorist or freedom fighter?
93. July Crisis
Austria confers with Germany for almost 1 month
Germany offers unlimited and unconditional support
94. Russia’s Role
Austria tries to provoke Serbia into war
July 23 – delivered 24 point ultimatum
Serbia submits to all but 1 condition
A-H can’t come into Serbia to investigate
July 28 A-H declares war on Serbia
Felt bound to help defend Serbia
(Pan-Slavism)
July 30-31 – Russia mobilized
against A-H and Germany – also
asked France to mobilize
July 31 – A-H mobilized against
95. Further declarations of war
August 1 – Ger. Declares war on Russia
August 3 – Ger. Declares war on France
Italians were left out of loop
Claim ignorance and insult
Brit. Fears a Ger. victory
August 4 – Brit. Joins France and Russia
Includes Canada, New Zealand, Australia,
Ireland…
96. Where is America?
U.S. is officially neutral
Individuals are divided on who they
should support (or to support any
nation at all)
97. American Neutrality
Interventionists
isolationists
Split ties due to immigration
Support Germany
German ancestry
Irish looking to gain
independence from Britain
Support Britain
Common culture, language,
and legal system
German attack on Belgium
Economic ties w/ British
Socialists criticize war
Conflict over markets and
economic control
U.S. should be an example
peace
William Jennings Bryan
Fear of families experiencing
horrors of war
98. Sinking of the Lusitania
Sailing from New York to England
(carrying civilians and munitions)
May 7, 1915
Sunk by a German U-Boat
99. Lusitania
1,198 killed (128 Americans)
Wilson demands an apology, money, and
commitment not to use submarines
Germans agree to most; Americans back
down and remain neutral
100. The Sussex Pledge German U-boat sinks
French liner “Sussex”
March, 1916
Sussex Pledge Germans
promise not to sink
merchant ships without
warning and without saving
human lives
U.S. Congress agrees to
begin building up the
army and navy
U.S. is still aiding in the
war effort but not yet
officially involved in the
war
101. Zimmermann Note
Arthur Zimmermann – German
ambassador to Mexico
If Mexico joins a German alliance,
Germany would help to restore
territory in New Mexico, Texas,
and Arizona back to Mexico
Note is made public and outrages
Americans
102.
103. Election of 1916
Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) –
Charles Evans Hughes (Republican)
Wilson narrowly wins election as continues to
work for peace
Calls for a “peace without victory”
105. The Final Straw
Wilson says “the
world must be made
safe for democracy”
in his call for war to
Congress
Germans continue
use of unrestricted
submarine warfare
April 6, 1917 – U.S.
Congress declares
war
“It is a war against all
nations…the challenge
is to all mankind.”
106. Recruiting & Raising an Army
Selective Service Act (May
1917)
Required all men between 21-30
to sign up for military service
(opposed by many)
Random selection
Later made to include ages 18-45
3 million men drafted
2 more million volunteer
400,000 African Americans serve.
Women worked as clerks,
107. The American impact
Mass Production
1) ship workers exempt
from draft
2) Emphasize
importance of ship
making
3) Fabrication
techniques used
Built elsewhere, but
assembled at the
shipyard
4) Gov’t took over
some commercial and
private ships
108. American arrival
Europe had been at war for more than 2
years already.
Convoy system warships guard troop
carriers across the Atlantic (soldiers and
supplies reach safely)
June 14, 1917 – General John J. Pershing
and the American Expeditionary Forces
(“Doughboys”)
Fresh and enthusiastic troops
A boost in morale
American forces turn the tide of the war in a
time of desperate need
109. General John J. Pershing,
leader of the American
Expeditionary Forces
Pershing fought in both the
Spanish American War and
was in charge of tracking
down Pancho Villa before
the United States headed
off to war in Europe
111. The trench system of the Western Front stretched for
400 miles from the North Sea on the coast of Belgium
to the Alps of Switzerland
112. The Trenches
Systems of digging out the ground to protect
army
Both sides utilize the trenches
Life in the trenches was uncomfortable and
quite bleak
“no man’s land” barren expanse of mud
with shell craters and barbed wire
115. Image of soldiers “going over the top” – meaning to
climb over the trenches and charge across “no man’s
land”
116. Life in the trenches
Disease runs rampant through
the trenches
Rats infest the trenches in
thousands
Lice cause Trench fever
severe pain followed by deadly
fever
Trench foot
Fungal infection of the feet
Caused by cold, wet and
unsanitary trenches
Could cause gangrenous
conditions and result in
amputation.
117. Trenches (Con’t)
Trench warfare creates a stalemate in
France that neither army can break
Combined with the new technology of the
war, this creates massive casualties that
have never been seen before
118. Soldiers fixing
bayonets
preparing to go
“over the top” and
charge the other
trenches.
Machine gun fire
from the other
trenches create
huge casualties
119. Aerial view of trench network near Villecey
Water-filled trench at Passchendaele
120. The Daily Grind
1. Clean Rifle
2. Eat Breakfast (unofficial truce)
3. Complete Daily Chores -refilling of
sandbags, repair the duckboards, and the
draining of trenches.
4. Sleep, write letters, etc.
5. Wait for nightfall (most action happened
then)
126. Machine Gun
Modified during World War I (most effective
weapon)
Up to 600 rounds/minute
Considered “weapon of mass destruction”
(MWD)
Mainly used as a defensive weapon
Problems: (1) immobile (2) overheating (3)
frequently jammed
127.
128. Above and to the right : German made WWI Bergmann MP18
machine gun
Below: U.S. made WWI Browning machine gun
WITH EVERY WEAPON, EACH NATION HAS ITS OWN MODEL
129. Flamethrower
Psychological
weapon of terror
Idea to launch
burning fuel
Used to clear
defenders before
infantry charge
Later used as
extensions from
tanks
131. Tanks Airplanes
Caterpillar treads
Constructed w/
steel
Used more to
destroy barbed wire
defenses
First used in WWI
(By British in 1916)
Still have many
weak areas
First used in WWI
mostly as scout
planes
Machine guns
mounted for
“dogfights” and used
for early bombing
Air balloons also used
for scouting
135. Left: Typical WWI airplane
Below: WWI style seaplane
Below: WWI style
bomber, not used till end
of war
136. Right: Airplane with
camera mounted to serve
as surveillance of enemy
troops
Left: WWI biplanes flying in
formation
137.
138. Eddie Rickenbacker – Leading
American pilot with 26 victories
Manfred Von Richthofen a.k.a. “Red Baron” –
leading German pilot with 80 victories
139. Above: Air ships were
relatively new to the scene
and used for scouting and
eventually to drop bombs
Right: Anti-Air Guns
140. WWI style searchlights used to find
airplanes.
Radar would not be used until the
Second World War
141. Poison Gas
Physical and psychological weapon
First used by the French
Chlorine fog – suffocates (choking attacks),
burns, and blinds victims (yellow-green gas)
Phosgene – caused violent coughing and
choking w/ delayed effect (next step up)
Mustard Gas – caused internal and external
blisters
Gas attacks receive condemnation (topic of
debate for years)
142. Casualties From Gas - The Numbers
Country Total Casualties Death
Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000
British Empire 188,706 8,109
France 190,000 8,000
Germany 200,000 9,000
Italy 60,000 4,627
Russia 419,340 56,000
USA 72,807 1,462
Others 10,000 1,000
143. World War I gas masks – Gas attacks created
fear among the troops and were created to break
the stalemate
Gas masks for man and horse
demonstrated by American soldier
144. A mental War
Mental Illness
Shell Shock – called Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder today
Thousands were discovered to suffer
Lack of sleep
145. Medicine breakthroughs
Treating wounds and injury becomes more
advanced (along w/ fighting infection)
Use of rehabilitation
Skin-graft technology to heal face wounds
(leads to plastic surgery)
Red Cross Ambulances used
147. Goals of homefront organizations
Raising money for
the war
Gaining public
support for the war
148.
149. Paying for the War
$35.5 billion spent on
the war
1/3 from taxes
Progressive Income
Taxes on tobacco, liquor,
and luxury goods
The rest from bonds
“Liberty” and “Victory”
Loans
150. American Industry
War Industries Board
Encourage mass production
Eliminate waste
Set up production quotas and distributed
raw materials
Bernard Baruch, set up in 1917
Impact on Labor
American industry grows by 20%
Largely responsible for allied victory in the war
With so many white men off to war, women and
blacks found many jobs in the factories
151. Conservation of
Resources
Food Administration
Herbert Hoover
Set crop prices and
regulate food exports
Families conserve food,
coal, gas
Daylight savings time
Encourage Americans
to plant “victory
gardens” to save food
for the soldiers
152. Patriotism & Propaganda
Committee on Public Information
Promote the war to American public
Posters, paintings, cartoons, and speeches
George Creel (former muckraker)
“Star Spangled Banner” sung at many
public occasions
“100 percent Americanism”
Support for the war is great
153.
154. Ensuring Loyalty
Espionage Act (1917)
Punished anyone found guilty of helping the
enemy, hindering recruitment, or inciting revolt.
Sedition Act (1918)
Prohibited speech that was “disloyal, profane,
scurrilous, or abusive about the government,
flag, Constitution or armed forces.”
155. Were those new laws Constitutional?
Do you think that the Sedition Act and
Espionage Act violate the Constitution of the
United States of America?
Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court says the
Espionage Act is constitutional.
Oliver Wendell Holmes (Supreme Court Justice)
says there are cases where the first amendment
right of free speech can be limited (cases of clear,
and present danger, like wartime)
156. Eugene V. Debs – an
outspoken opponent of the
war effort – was given a 10
year sentence for speaking
out against the war and draft.
157. Citizens collect books from the
Chicago Public Library to send
over to soldiers fighting in Europe
158. Part 7: The End of War, 14 Points, and
Treaty of Versailles
America as a World Power
159. End of the War
Russia pulls out of war in 1917
Germans concentrate forces and make a push on
the western front
U.S. troops arrive just in time
Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and 2nd Marne
No invasion or decisive battle (war of attrition)
161. How to Solve the Peace???
What were the long-
term and immediate
causes of war?
Explain briefly.
How should a peace
treaty have resolved
these problems?
162. Wilson’s 14 Points
January 1918
Wilson presents his plan for peace
(Intended end the causes that had
begun the war in the first place)
Proposed an international organization
called the League of Nations to preserve
peace in the world
The 14 points truly express Wilson’s
optimism and idealism
163. 1. Self determination (personal independence) of all peoples
2. Arms reduction
3. Non-punishment
4. Formation of the League of Nations
5. Freedom of the Seas
6. No secret treaties
7. Free and open trade
Ideals in Wilson’s Fourteen Points
167. Peace in Paris
United States - primarily concerned with
maintaining world peace
Woodrow Wilson
France – punish Germany
Georges Clemenceau
Italy – gain land and spoils of war
Vittorio Orlando
Britain – punish Germany, not as bad as France
David Lloyd George
The “Big Four” have a difficult time compromising
on the right course of action for Europe and the
168. From the left:
David Lloyd
George of Great
Britain, Orlando
of Italy,
Clemenceau of
France and Wilson
of the United
States
169. Germany blamed,
demilitarized, forced to
pay reparations ($33
billion)
Treaty written without
German representation
Anschluss (Combining of
Germany and Austria)
forbidden forever
League of Nations
created but Germany not
admitted
Treaty of Versailles
170. Map altered with little regard for ethnic or
true national boundaries
Poland created out of Germany
and Russia
France given the Alsace Lorraine
province
Czechoslovakia created out of
Germany and Austria-Hungary
Yugoslavia created by combining
Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia,
Croatia, and other small territories
Austria-Hungary broken up
England received mandates
territorial holdings in the Middle
East from the Ottoman Empire
Treaty of Versailles
171.
172. Great Britain “forgot”
about its promises
to both Arab
Muslims and Jews
to create an
independent
homeland for them
in their holy lands
173. Disagreement over the league
No L.O.N.
Fear of war w/out
Congressional
approval
U.S. involvement in
issues beyond its
concern
Henry Cabot Lodge
For the L.O.N.
Claim that cooperation
among nations would
create peace
Wilson’s idea and U.S. as
a world leader
Franklin Roosevelt
174.
175. Wilson and the League
Wilson attempted to convince the American public
and U.S. Congress to pass a treaty allowing the
League of Nations
Partisanship –rivalry among political parties- defeats the
L.O.N.
Wilson collapses from exhaustion and suffers a
stroke days later
Congress never passes the treaty
League of Nations begins without the support of the
United States
177. The Ideal League The League in Practice
All nations should be members. Not all nations were members (eg. USA
and Russia).
All nations should be equal partners in the
League.
Not equal partners because major powers
made decisions in the Council.
The League should be able to make
decisions quickly and easily.
League structure was weak, disagreement
caused delays.
National interests should be second to the
league’s interests.
Nations were more interested in their OWN
affairs, especially after 1929 with the
economic crisis.
•Members should obey the League’s
sanctions: The Moral Sanction.
•The Economic Sanction.
•The Military Sanction.
It was ignored (eg. Japan in Manchuria –
1931). Offenders could trade with none
League members (eg. Abyssinia Crisis –
1935/6).
It wasn't realistic to use violence to stop
violence.
The Ideal versus Real League of
Nations
