1. Carbohydrates
• Commonly known as sugars & starches
• Function: Provides energy to the cell,
some structural purposes
• Monomers: Monosaccharides or
simple sugars
• Dimers: Disaccharides
• Polymers: Polysaccharides
• Examples: Glucose, Lactose, Starch 1 2
Lipids
• Triglycerides (fats)
– Function: Energy source/ storage, insulation
• Phospholipids (main component of cell
membranes)
– Function: Structural integrity
• Starch: Formed by plants
• Steroids (cholesterol, hormones, bile
• Glycogen: Formed by animal tissues salts)
3 – Function: Chemical messaging 4
• Composition: glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
• Saturated Fats (“Bad” Fat) • Composition: Phosphorus-containing
• Unsaturated Fats (“Good” Fat) group + glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acid
5 chains 6
1

2. Phospholipids
• Structure: Water
soluble “head” and
water insoluble “tail”
• Function: Major
component of cell
membranes
• Structure: 4 interconnected carbon rings
• Function: Chemical messaging/ Hormones
• Examples: cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone,
7
bile salts, vitamin D 8
Proteins Amino Acids
Cysteine Phenylalanine
• Functions: Structure, Transport, Movement,
Defense, Catalysts
• Monomers: amino acids (w/ different R groups)
• Polymers: peptides, polypeptides
• Examples: Hair, Hemoglobin, Actin & Myosin, 9 10
Antibodies, Enzymes
Peptides & Proteins Protein Structure
Primary Secondary
structure: structure: β-
“chained” pleated sheet or
polypeptides α-helix coil
• Dipeptide, Tripeptide: 2-3 amino acids
• Polypeptide: 10 or more amino acids
• Protein: 50 or more amino acids 11 12
2

3. Protein Structure Protein Denaturation
Loss of 3D conformation = Loss of function
Some causes:
Tertiary structure:
• Extreme pH
“3D”, unique folding pattern
• Extreme temperatures
• Radiation
Quaternary
• Harsh chemicals
structure:
2 or more “3D” Example: Frying an egg, High fevers
structures
combined 13 14
Enzymes Enzymes
• Enzymes are globular, protein catalysts that
increase the rate of a chemical (metabolic)
reaction without being consumed by the
reaction
• Enzymes regulate and coordinate metabolic
reactions within the cell. • Some enzymes are holoenzymes (composed of two
• Basic reactions: building and breaking down parts), an apoenzyme (protein itself) + a cofactor
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic • Some enzymes remain inactive until activated by a
acids. cofactor or a coenzyme
• Typically end in –ase (hydrolase, oxydase, • Cofactors: Metal ions (iron, zinc)
peptidase)
15
• Coenzymes: Vitamins 16
Enzyme Activity Enzyme Action
17
E+S  E-S  P+ E 18
3

4. Denatured Enzymes Nucleic Acids
• Commonly known as DNA and RNA
• Monomers: Nucleotides (sugar + base + phosphate)
All enzymes are proteins.
• Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine,
Not all proteins are enzymes. 19
Uracil 20
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
A
• Sugar: Deoxyribose Sugar: Ribose
• Bases: A-T, G-C G
• Structure: Double Bases: A-U, G-C
stranded helix
U
• Function: Information Structure: Single stranded
storage, directs protein
synthesis…DNA C
contains all necessary Function: Carries out code for
information needed to U the synthesis of proteins
sustain and reproduce
life!
A
21 22
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Function:
Immediate energy
source that drives
cellular work
• Structure:
Adenine, Ribose
sugar, 3
phosphate groups H2O
ATP ADP + P
23 H2O 24
4

5. Organic Compounds: Review
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic
Acids
Common Sugars & Fats Protein DNA & RNA
Name Starches
Main Energy source Energy Structural Genetic
Function storage materials material
Building Monosaccharides Depends Amino acids Nucleotides
Blocks
Example Lactose, Starch Fats Hair DNA & RNA
Phospholipid Hemoglobin
s Steroids Antibodies
25
5