The Philippine forests are among the most biodiverse in the world but are also among the most endangered, hosting many rare plant and animal species. Forest cover has declined significantly from around 54% historically to just 18.6% currently, and is shrinking at around 2% per year or 63 hectares per hour due to logging, land conversion, and other threats. This loss of forests endangers ecosystems, indigenous peoples, and threatens resources like food, water, and medicine. Efforts are needed to protect and restore the Philippines' remaining forests and biodiversity.

3. The Philippine Forest are the
most diverse and complex in the
world and are also among the most
endangered.
They host one of the world’s
richest plant and animals species.
The Flora alone is composed of
at least 13, 500 species that
represent 5% of the world’s flora.
Forest prevent flash floods
and soil erosion, source of food and
supply power.
Our Forests also harbor million
indigenous people ( IPS ) and upland
dwellers ( IP ) 18 M.

4. This forest cover is
roughly 18.6% of the total land
area, far below the ideal forest
cover ( to be ecologically sound
and sustainable ),
Which is 54% , and it is steadily
shrinking. The average rate is at
2% annum, or a relatively fast
deforestation rate of 550,000
ha. per year or 63 ha. Of
forest are cleared every hour.
Forest cover: 1900
Forest cover: 1999

5. Depleted forests would
mean fewer sources of food.
Medicinal plants ,
renewable energy and less
capacity to nurture genetic
species.
Cleared forests would
also mean loss of home and
livelihood for 18.6 million IPS
and upland dwellers.
Their degradation results
to erosion, siltation, and
sedimentation.

6. CATEGORIZATION OF PHILIPPINE
FORESTS
Dipterocarp – 65.58%
Mossy – 19.29%
Sub – marginal – 8.81%
Pine – 4.23%
Mangrove – 2.88%

7. A. Dipterocarp ( estimated at 3,536,017 ha. In 1997
from 4,029,200 ha. In 1991 )
- Major source of timber and other forest products.
- They support one of the world’s richest plant and
animal species.
- Have nurtured innumerable generations of tribal
Filipinos.
- Can either be old growth ( those w/o traces of
commercial logging or virgin forests ) or residual
( those w/ traces of commercial logging.

8. B. Mossy and Sub- marginal
- Protected watershed areas.
- Supply water for irrigation and domestic use in the
lowland.
- Protect soil and water of wildlife feeding grounds.
- Majority of the country’s watershed areas are considered
hydro logically critical because of their degraded
condition.
- Of the 11 million ha. Of critically denuded forest land at
least 2 million ha. Are in critical watershed areas, Agno
River, Pampanga and Cagayan rivers, The Maga and
Pantabangan Watersheds.
- 1991 = 519,500 ha. 1997 = 475, 100 ha.

9. C. Pine
- Pine forests are endemic to the higher altitudes
of Luzon.
- 1987 = 238, 893 ha.
- 1991 = 235, 100 ha.
- 1997 = 227, 900 ha.
D. Mangroves
- Mangroves occurs on tidal flats along the sea
coast up to the streams where the water is
brackish.
- 1987 = 143, 522 ha.
- 1997 = 112, 400 ha.

10. 9 Facts you need to know about Forests and Trees
Trees are
incredible. They
can live for
thousands of
years and grow
hundreds of
metres tall.
There is not a
species on the
planet that
doesn’t owe its
existence to
them.

11. 1. The Boreal forest (aka Taiga) is the largest
land habitat on the planet.
It runs across northern USA and Canada,
southern Iceland, across Norway, Finland,
Sweden, through Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia
and northern Japan. This region is one of the
most threatened by climate change and has
experienced some of the most dramatic
temperature increases anywhere on Earth. Not to
mention the threat from clearcutting for toilet
paper, timber logging and, in Canada, tar sands
oil extraction which now covers an area larger
than England.

13. 2. More species of plant
and animal live in the
rainforest than any other
land habitat
The Indonesian rainforest
alone is home to one fifth
of all plant and animal life
yet it is disappearing at a
faster rate than at any
other time. There are now
fewer than 400 Sumatran
tigers left in the wild as
their habitat is destroyed to
make way for palm oil
plantations.

14. 3. Not all rainforests are tropical
The Great Bear rainforest in western Canada is
home to the extremely rare Kermode “spirit”
bear. A subspecies of black bears, their white
coat is caused by a recessive gene, but it
makes them expert fishers as they are harder to
see. Whilst most of the Great Bear rainforest is
protected, parts of it are still under threat from
logging for timber. The sitka spruce that grows
there is particularly prized for making guitars,
violins and mandolins.

16. 4. More than 25% of
the medicines we
use originate in
rainforest plants
Yet only 1% of
rainforest plants have
been studied for
medicinal properties.
Every second an
area of rainforest the
size of a football pitch
is cut down meaning
every day we might
lose a potential cure.

17. 5. The forests are
the lungs of our
planet
They play a crucial
role in stabilising
global climate by
converting CO2 into
oxygen. As we pump
more and more CO2
into the atmosphere
the forest’s ability to
regulate the global
climate is increasingly
diminished.

18. 6. Orangutans are the largest tree-
dwelling mammal
Unlike most other primates, they spend
more time in the trees than on the ground.
Their tools use is incredibly advanced; they
build tree nests to sleep in, use sticks to
probe logs for honey and one was even
observed trying to spear fish after
observing locals doing the same. Their
rainforest home is being cut down to make
paper and to create space for palm oil
plantations.

19. 7. The tallest tree in
the world is called
Hyperion
It's a coast redwood
from California that
measures an incredible
115.61m tall. The
largest tree in the
world by volume is a
giant sequoia called
General Sherman
which has a trunk 10m
round and contains an
estimated 1486 cubic
metres of wood.

20. 8. The world’s oldest non-
clonal tree is a recently-
discovered and as yet
unnamed Great Basin
bristlecone pine tree from
the White Mountains in
California
It's still living at an incredible
5063 years old. Old Tjikko is
the oldest single-clonal tree
(meaning a new trunk is
grown from original roots) at
an astonishing 9,550 years
old. But if you thought it
ended there, then you’ve
never heard of Pando…

21. 9. Pando, also know as
The Trembling Giant, is a
colony of quaking aspen
trees
Testing has shown this
group of trees to be a single
organism and is assumed to
be connected by a single
massive roots system. So
here it is, the age: Pando is
thought to be around 80,000
years old making it the
oldest living organism on the
planet (except the immortal
jellyfish which technically
never dies of old age).

22. Massive soil erosion provinces are severely
eroded and degradation , destruction of rivers and
coastal ecosystems.
Causes of Forest Destructions
¤ Logging / cutting of upland trees mining.
¤ Geothermal Projects
¤ Land conversion/ Development projects

23. Effects of Forest Denudation
Changes in Hydrology cycle. Occurrence of
devastating floods and drought. The Ormoc City (
10% ) forest cover left.
Flashfloods claimed more than 8,000 lives.
1997 – 1998 EL NIÑ0 PHENOMENON:
12 million people affected and 10 billion pesos
worth of properties and goods were destroyed or
lost.

24. Some Example of BIOPIRACY
-The Philippine sea snail conus magus produces the world’s
most powerful pain killer. After bioprospection, the snail was
biopirated without prior informed consent of local
communities and it is now owned by the U.S. multinational
corporation neurex , inc.
- The American company , ELI LILLY began sending
worldwide medical researchers in 1948. In 1949, a young
Filipino doctor ( A. Aguilar ) turned in a soil sample he had
already evaluated. In an American type culture collection,
the sample was merely identified as “ soil from the
Philippines”. But in 1952, the world knew it was llotycin or
llosone and with the generic name ERYTHROMYCIN.

25. -The company refused to share its million US $ in profits
with either local doctor’s family or in the Philippines.
ERYTHROMYCIN is one of the most commercially lucrative
drugs the world has ever been.
- A fruit that has been used for centuries in Southeast Asia
and China against tumors & infections, Momordiea
Charanthia – bitter melon has been patented by the US
National Institute of Health, the US army, and the
New York University for its Anti- HIV effects. Even the
“inventor” of the bitter melon patern admits it is “very widely
eaten” in the Chinese community for health reasons and
that the fruit is widely thought to have
Anti- HIV properties.

26. The Effects of Deforestation on Anima
Starvation
Deforestation is the massive cutting down and
clearing of trees and plants. Because many animal
species that live in the forests are herbivorous, such as
giraffes, deer and tapirs, they are forced to leave what
once was their home to search for food. As a result,
many starve to death. Other times they wonder out of
the forest and into areas populated by humans and get
hit by automobiles. Meanwhile, carnivorous animals that
prey on herbivorous animals find it more difficult to find
food and end up starving to death or wandering off into
human-populated areas and getting killed.

27. Changing Climate and Habitat
Deforestation plays a strong role in the
management of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.
According to Michigan State University's Tropical Rain
Forest Information Center, almost 200 tons of carbon
dioxide can readily be stored on just one acre in a rain
forest. This is why the rain forests help in limiting the
effects of changes in climate that are caused by
greenhouse gasses due to deforestation. Depletion of the
acreage of rain forests increases the levels of carbon
dioxide entering into the atmosphere. This results in
changes in the climate. When the greenhouse effect
increases over time, the result is a change in climate that
can lead to habitat changes for animals as well. This
increases the possibilities of species of animals becoming
endangered or even extinct around the world.

28. Specialized Habitat Loss
According to Michigan State
University's Tropical Rain Forest
Information Center, the loss of just
a very small area in a rain forest
can consequently lead to the
extinction of animal species. The
reason is that quite often animals
that live in the rain forests require
specialized habitats. When
deforestation occurs, these animals
have increasingly fewer areas in
which they can survive. When
these areas are destroyed, the
species become extinct.

29. Broad Ramifications
According to the Earth Observatory website of NASA,
losses in species of animals in the rain forests have huge
ramifications that affect both animals and humans. From
studies of genetics among a multitude of diverse species
within the rain forest, scientists are able to see some clues
that assist them in the discovery of cures for deadly diseases
and illnesses in both animals and humans. When species go
extinct because of deforestation, scientists lose the
opportunity to learn more about these species. The diverse
species that live within the rain forests offer vital information
that could make a difference to all animals and humans for
survival into the future.

30. The Current State of Philippine Forests and Wildlife Reserve
According to Manila Bulletin, the Philippines as we know
today is in a critical state because of legal and illegal logging
threatens our remaining 800,000 hectares if forest cover,
unnecessary mining activities are going on and the increased
amount in illegal fishing. For instance, the only existing pygmy
forest in the Philippines – which is located in the border of Mati
and San Isidro, Davao Oriental is now in danger. Pygmy forests
are very rare in the world and they are only formed when there is
an abundance of cobalt under the ground where the forest
resides. Our only pygmy forest is now threatened because of
foreign mining companies in cooperation with local officials are
mining minerals in that forest.

31. Another mountain in Caraballo Range in Nueva Viscaya is also in
danger. The media reports that two foreign companies are fighting tooth and
nail with the communities in the mountains to mine gold and copper despite the
fact that the residents would rather continue their citrus plantations. These are
just two of the hundreds of forests that are currently in danger in the
Philippines.
People say that the increasing population, over consumption, dubious
technology and greed for money are the factors that harm our environment.
These factors led the Palawan into jeopardy. Parts of Palawan were mined for
over 30 years now leaving behind environmental degradation and ill-health and
poverty to the communities today. This was cause again by another foreign
mining company in conspiracy with some government officials that intend to
build a hydrometallurgical processing plant.
Only 20 percent of the country’s original forest cover remains, making
the Philippines the only country in Southeast-Asia with the thinnest forest cover.
An environmental group in Aurora foresees that all forest cover will be gone by
the end of this decade if logging operations continue to their present pace.
Despite of various reforestation programs, the reforestation rate is not enough
to restore the damage that has been done to our forests.

32. WE NEED TO PROTECT OUR
NATURAL RESOURCES
BIODIVERSITY STOCK!!!
- AGAINST BIOPIRACY
THROUGH BIO-PROSPECTING

33. What is BIO – PROSPECTING???
-The gathering and collection, for
scientific and/or commercial purposes,
of biological resources, plants, animals,
micro organism, soil, etc.
- Bio-prospecting also includes the
conduct of interviews and
documentation of traditional healing
practices and knowledge.

34. Who conducts BIO –
PROSPECTING???
- Scientists and researchers connected
with local/ national or international
universities and research institutions.
- Other with tied- up multi-national/
transnational corporations (
agri-business, pharmaceuticals,
companies, etc. )

35. Our mining industry remains extractive and
pollutive.
Large Quantities of soil are wasted during
mineral extraction and processing.
To illustrate this, 1 ton of gold just produces
2.08 grams of gold or equal to the size of a
madicine tablet.
To extract a metric ton of copper,
2.2 metric tons of earth and rocks are wasted.

36. Current Philippine Laws on Forest and Wildlife
Conservation
Republic Act No. 10067
An act of establishing the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park in
the province of Palawan as a protected area under the Nipas Act
(R.A. 7586) and the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for
Palawan Act (R.A. 7611), providing its management and for other
purposes.
Republic Act No. 9847
An act of establishing Mounts Banahaw and San Cristobal
in the provinces of Laguna and Quezon as a protected area under
the category of protected landscape, providing for its management
and for other purposes.

37. Republic Act No. 9494
An act declaring the Mimbilisan
Watershed located in the municipalities of
Balingoan and Talisayan, province of Misamis
Oriental as a protected area under the category
of protected landscape, providing for its
management and for other purposes.

38. Republic Act No. 9486
An act establishing the Buhisan Watershed Forest
Reserve, the Mananga Watershed Forest Reserve, the
Sudlon National Park, the Central Cebu National Park
and the Kotkot-Lusaran Warshed Forest reserve situated
in the cities of Cebu, Talisay, Toledo and Danao and in the
municipalities of Minglanilla, Consolacion, Liloan,
Compostela and Balamban, province of Cebu into one
protected area to be known as the Central Cebu
protected landscape and for other purposes.

39. Solutions Saving the Forests
( source: GREENPEACE INTL. )
Protecting forests will not only preserve biodiversity and
defend the rights of forest communities, it's also one of
the quickest and cost effective ways of halting climate
change. Greenpeace is campaigning for zero
deforestation, globally, by 2020.
To protect these precious ecosystems, the international
community, corporations, indigenous
communities and individuals will need to work together in
an unprecedented, concerted effort. Greenpeace is
campaigning to realize this vision in several ways:

40. Corporate action
If corporations have the
ability to destroy the world's
forests, they also have the power
to help save them. We investigate,
expose and confront
environmental abuse by
corporations around the world,
and ask our supporters to take
action for the planet. As a result,
many multinational corporations
have changed their practices - but
there is still a long way to go to
protect the world's forests.

41. Consumer power
The conversion of
irreplaceable forests into
consumer products like tissues,
books, paper and ingredients food
and toothpaste is one of the great
environmental crimes of our time.
But, in the battle to protect our
forests, consumers have the
power. Don't believe us? Just ask
Unilever, Nestle, McDonald's and
Kraft, all of whom changed their
sourcing policies after our
supporters piled on the pressure.

42. Political solutions
Greenpeace is campaigning for a meaningful,
international mechanism to help end forest destruction
globally known as REDD (reduced emissions from
degradation and deforestation). If it is done well, REDD could
benefit biodiversity, humanity, and the climate. Yet some
governments and industries are lobbying hard to undermine
REDD - or unfairly profit from it - and many forest
communities are being left out of discussions that will directly
affect their lives.

43. Putting 'No Deforestation' into practice
Tropical forests hold large stores of carbon,
are packed full with important biodiversity, and are
critical for millions of people from local communities
who depend on forests for their livelihoods. The
companies that have been converting tropical forests
to agriculture or plantations, for commodities like
palm oil or paper, have come under increasing
pressure from their customers to prove that their
operations and supply chains are not causing
deforestation.

44. Defining deforestation is very complex, as it has to
factor in carbon and climate, biodiversity and social
implications. However, the urgency for an answer increases
every day as more of our irreplaceable forests are destroyed.
Over the last three years, Greenpeace has been working with
one of the world’s largest palm oil suppliers, Golden Agri-
Resources (GAR), and The Forest Trust, on a pioneering
initiative on implementing no deforestation and forest
conservation - via identifying and conserving High Carbon
Stock (HCS) forest areas.

45. Forest communities
Greenpeace works with
indigenous communities around the
world at the front line of forest
destruction - supporting the
demarcatation of traditional
boundaries and eco-forestry initiatives,
and offering a global platform through
which these communities can address
the rest of the world. Why? We believe
that if these communities are able to
keep control of their forests, they will
protect their resources for the future,
and the planet.

46. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Ecological and socially responsible
forest management can, and is, being
practised by some companies. This kind of
forest management seeks to ensure that
the forest ecosystem is not damaged, that
only low volumes of trees are extracted,
and that the impacts on plant and animal
life are minimal. The FSC, an international,
non-profit association, was created in 1993
so that corporate buyers and the public can
identify products that come from
responsibly managed forests.

47. THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
AND
WATCHING
OUR
PRESENTATION

48. JOHN PIOLO
PADOHINOG
JOHN ISIAH GRANDE
CLARENCE JORGE
ABELLA
CHESTER NAGRIT
RICHARD PADECIO
LOUELL EMBER
ERISPE
JOSHUA TAMONDEZ
ERIC JUDE BORNALES
JOSUA DAVE
ACABADO
ROSENIE
PADOHINOG
ERLAINE MAE
ENDRICA
LAWRENCE
ARRIEGA
EUNICE SERANDON
KIMBERLY ZONIO
LYKA REIJNE
HUELAR
VAN LYNLIE
RUPIÑAN
SARAH JOY ALORES
ARALIN PANLIPUNAN
JULY 29, 2015
GRADE 10 – ST. JOHN
MRS. AIMEE P. VERGARA