2. What is an Abstract?
An abbreviated, accurate representation of a
document without added interpretation or
criticism
Two general types
Indicative (descriptive)
Informative
3. Why is an Abstract Important?
It is the part of the article that is read most
often.
For some readers, it is the only part read.
Other readers use it to determine whether the
article is worth reading.
Researchers use it to determine the relevance
of the research to their work.
For conferences, it is often the sole criterion on
which a presentation is judged.
4. What are the Differences Between
Indicative and Informative
Abstracts?
Characteristic Indicative Informative
Function (and
alternate
name)
Descriptive Comprehensiv
e
Content Qualitative Qualitative and
quantitative
Substitute for
document
No Yes
Use(s) Descriptive
papers, new
methods,
Experimental
findings
Characteristic Indicative Informative
Function (and
alternate name)
Descriptive Comprehensive
Content Qualitative Qualitative and
quantitative
Substitute for
document
No Yes
Use(s) Descriptive
papers, new
methods, review
articles
Experimental
findings
5. Special Types of Abstracts
Abstracts of the same document can be
prepared in different formats for different
publications or purposes.
Case report abstract
Meeting abstract
6. What is the Anatomy of a
Typical…?
Journal Article (IMRAD)
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and
Discussion and
Conclusion(s)
Structured Abstract
Objective
Design, Setting, Study
Subjects, Interventions
Main Measurements and
Results
Conclusion(s)
Ann Intern Med 1987;106:598-604.
7. What is the Function of Each Part
of an Experimental Article?
Introduction
Provides context for study question (optional in
abstract)
Clearly and precisely states study objective(s)
or hypothesis
Materials and Methods
Briefly describes study design, setting, study
subjects, interventions, and statistical methods
8. Function of Each Part of an
Experimental Article—Continued
Results
Provides key results, including methods of
assessing subjects and statistical results
Discussion
Article: Highlights, without repeating, ―Results‖
Abstract: Excludes ―Discussion‖ or combines with
―Conclusion(s)‖
Conclusion(s)
Directly answers study objective
9. What Phrases Help Signal the
Reader?
To determine whether . . ., we . . . .
We found that. . . .
We conclude that . . . .
Zeiger, Essentials of Writing Biomedical Research
Papers, 2000.
Zeiger. Essentials of Writing Biomedical Research Papers 2000.
10. What is the Best Approach
to Writing an Abstract?
Start with the journal’s instructions for
authors.
Review sample abstracts from the target
journal.
Remember that the abstract will be
published by itself and should be self-
contained.
11. What are the Main Problems
with Abstracts?
Incomplete
Inaccurate
Misleading
Poorly organized
Lacking in coherence
Excessively detailed
12. What are the Qualities
of an Effective Abstract?
Is both clear and concise
Conforms to required length limit (usually 250
words)
Stresses the most important aspects of the
study
Avoids general statements
Contains nothing that is not found in the body
of the article
13. Writing Style and Hints
The generally accepted rules for good writing
apply to the writing of abstracts:
Write concisely and clearly, making each
sentence highly informative.
Write in fluent, simple prose and make clear,
direct statements.
Be exact and unambiguous; avoid
generalizing whenever possible.
14. Writing Style and Hints—Continued
Condense, but do not interpret, the content
of the report.
Indicate the scope of the research in the
opening sentence without repeating the title.
Begin with a statement of the Objective, not
with the phrase ―This report . . .‖
Indicate the treatment of the subject (eg,
brief or exhaustive, case history or survey,
etc).
15. Writing Style and Hints—Continued
Use complete sentences unless the journal
allows fragments in structured abstracts (eg,
objective or setting).
Be brief, but avoid terseness and cryptic
comments.
Use the past tense.
Use active voice, especially for informative
abstracts.
Passive: B was exceeded by A.
Active: A exceeded B.
16. Writing Style and Hints—Continued
Avoid ―laboratory semantics,‖ repetition, and
unnecessary words.
Use trade jargon and abbreviations
sparingly, defining them at first use.
Maintain the tone and emphasis of the
overall manuscript.
Edit the abstract carefully, scrutinizing every
word.
17. What Should Be Excluded
from (most) Abstracts?
Jargon and
undefined
abbreviations
Detailed
descriptions
Examples
Well-established
facts
Tables and graphs
Excessive
numerical results
Speculation by
author
Information not in
document
References
18. The Introduction
Consists of 1–3 sentences that
introduce the topic and explain why it is important
state the research question and, briefly, how you
went about answering it
19. Ways to Reduce Word Count
Use plurals to eliminate articles.
Use abbreviations where permitted, defining at
first use.
Remove redundant words and phrases.
Avoid nominalizations.
Limit the use of prepositional phrases.
Eliminate spaces between mathematical
operators and numbers
Avoid starting sentences with numbers that have
to be spelled out.
20. Conclusion
Abstracts should
be as clear and concise as possible
contain only essential information
start with the research question, why it is
important, and how you answered it
report your principal findings
end with a summary of your findings and their
implications