The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) of 1959-65 left an important oceanographic legacy. Five decades on, both IOC and SCOR, together with IOGOOS, SIBER and others, are stimulating a modern phase of co-ordinated international research and applications for the Indian Ocean, namely, IIOE-2: 2016-2020. The planned research, guided by science priorities developed through a SCOR science plan development committee, is ambitious and broad and focusses on six themes. These are human impacts on the Indian Ocean; boundary current dynamics and upwelling; monsoon variability and ecosystem response; circulation, climate variability and change; extreme events and associated ecosystem responses and impacts; and discovery of unique physical, geological, biogeochemical and ecological features of the Indian Ocean. The IIOE-2 will forge new international scientific research programs with far-reaching benefits for, and beyond, the Indian Ocean. It will provide a rich framework of data, process understanding and input to oceanographic, climate, bio-geochemical and ecosystem modelling through open ocean science but will have strong links to continental shelf and coastal systems and coupled climatic phenomena affecting society. The transfer of knowledge, capacity building and tangible outputs for societal application and benefit are key pursuits. Since 2011, in support of the IIOE-2, there have been several internationally supported reference group meetings and national planning efforts. The IOC Assembly of 147 Member States is formally considering science and complementary plans for IIOE-2, as well as governance and timeframes for implementation through an IOC-constituted IIOE-2 Interim Planning Committee (Group of Experts). This presentation will report on the status of planning for IIOE-2, including the evolving frameworks for significant matters such as the science, data/information management, capacity building, and also the developing governance framework.

1. Second International Indian Ocean Expedition 2016-2020:
emerging science objectives and related planning
Lynnath Beckley
Nick D'Adamo, Raleigh Hood, Ed Urban & Louise Wicks

2. First International Indian Ocean Expedition (1959-1965)
“a combined assault on the largest unknown area on earth,
the deep waters and seabed of the Indian Ocean”
2
The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) was born from a cascade of effects. The International
Geophysical Year of 1957-1958 had shown the value of coordinated multinational efforts in ocean science.
This realization resulted in the International Council of Scientific Unions (now the International Council for
Science) creating the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) to continue to stimulate international
cooperation in ocean sciences. From its first annual meeting at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in
1957, SCOR identified the Indian Ocean as the greatest unknown in the global ocean and an area that could
benefit from an intensive campaign of ocean observations.

3. 1st International Indian Ocean Expedition: lines & stations
Wüst G (1959) Deep-Sea Research 6:245-249
Indian Ocean
Standard Net

4. What the 1st Expedition voyage tracks really looked like…
Atlantis II USA
Meteor Germany
Discovery UK
14 ships involved

5. Highley E (1968) The International Indian Ocean Expedition - Australia’s contribution. CSIRO Division of
Fisheries and Oceanography Technical Paper No. 28.
Australia’s contribution to 1st Expedition
HMAS Gascoyne
HMAS Diamantina

6. But the world has changed
since the 1960s…….
• Sextants to satellite navigation
• Lead lines & log books to
electronics, computers &
mathematical modelling
• Scientific description of the
Leeuwin Current
▫ Cresswell & Golding (1980)
Deep-Sea Research 27: 449-456
• Independence of Indian Ocean
Rim countries from colonial
masters
• UNCLOS & Exclusive
Economic Zones
• and much more.....
6

7. Global map of exclusive economic zones (green)
and high seas (blue) oceanic areas
White C, Costello C (2014) Close the High Seas to Fishing?. PLoS Biol 12(3): e1001826. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001826
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8. Some recent history….
• May 2007: Discussion about 110°E line during
Leeuwin Current voyage on RV Southern
Surveyor
• April 2011: Ed Urban initiated idea of IIOE 50th
anniversary celebration during IMBER meeting
in Marseilles
• July 2011: 50th anniversary of IIOE discussed at
SIBER meeting in Chennai (110oE repeat line
proposal)
• October 2012: Potential for the 2nd Indian
Ocean Expedition discussed at SIBER/IOP/IRC
meeting in Cape Town
• Decided to hold reference group meetings to
explore concept of 2nd Expedition
• Countries start discussing national efforts
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9. 2nd Expedition reference group meetings
Place Date Topics
1. Hosted by INCOIS
in Hyderabad, India
May 2013 Symposium, summer schools, repeat
lines, science questions & research
initiatives explored. Incorporation of
the Eastern Indian Ocean Upwelling
Research Initiative discussed.
2. Hosted by FIO in
Qingdao, China
Nov 2013 Science & societal drivers emerged.
Need for a Western Indian Ocean
research initiative to match EIOURI.
3. Hosted by MOI in
Quatre Bornes,
Mauritius
Mar 2014 Importance of coastal issues &
sustainability of resource use
highlighted. Planning for WIOURI
discussed.
4. Hosted by
BoBLME in Bangkok,
Thailand
April 2015 Bay of Bengal & climate change
issues discussed
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Dr Nick D’Adamo of Perth Programme office of IOC convened these meetings

10. Other 2nd Expedition activities
Date Activity People
2013 Discussions about a 50th Anniversary
Symposium ongoing
Urban, Burkill & Navqi
April 2013 India convenes national IIOE 50th
Anniversary Planning Committee
Sanoi, Navqi et al.
June 2013 IOC 27th general assembly informed of
2nd Expedition planning
Member states
Dec 2014 EIOURI planning workshop in Qingdao Yu & Masumoto
Jan – April
2014
IIOE-2 planning workshops convened in
Germany, UK, USA & Australia
Bange & Visbeck
Burkill & Cowie
Hood & McPhaden
Beckley & Schiller
May 2014 SCOR forms an IIOE-2 Science Plan
Development Committee
Hood et al.
June 2014 Resolution supporting 2nd Expedition
concept adopted at 47th IOC Exec
Council Meeting. Form an IOC Interim
Planning Committee
Member states
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11. Science Plan development
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Timeline Task
May 2014 SCOR forms IIOE-2 Science Plan Development
Committee
Sept 2014 Draft IIOE-2 Science Plan worked on at SCOR
meeting in Bremen, Germany
January 2015 Draft IIOE-2 Science Plan completed & handed to the
IOC Interim Planning Committee
Feb-March
2015
Draft IIOE-2 Science Plan released for public review &
comment
May 2015 Science Plan submitted to IOC Interim Planning
Committee
June 2015 Science Plan due for adoption at IOC Paris meeting

12. 12
The IIOE-2 Science Plan

13. General background
The plan emphasizes 3 unique features
of the Indian Ocean:
1. The northern Indian Ocean is closed
and has no subtropical or temperate
zones. As a result, high-latitude
cooling of surface waters &
ventilation of intermediate & deep
water masses does not occur.
2. Low latitude exchange between the
Indian & Pacific Oceans via the
Indonesian Through Flow
3. Submarine topography is dominated
by 3 meridional ridges (Mascarene
Plateau, Chagos-Laccadive Plateau
& Ninety East Ridge) with triple
junction where 3 spreading centers
meet (SW Indian, Central Indian &
SE Indian Ridges).
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14. 14
Overarching goals of IIOE-2
1) To advance our understanding of
interactions among geological, ocean &
atmospheric processes that give rise to the
complex physical dynamics of the Indian
Ocean region
2) To determine how those dynamics affect
climate, extreme events, marine
biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems &
human populations.

15. Science plan themes
1. Human impacts on Indian Ocean
2. Boundary current dynamics, upwelling variability
& ecosystem impacts
3. Monsoon variability & ecosystem response
4. Circulation, climate variability & change
5. Extreme events & their impacts on ecosystems
& human populations
6. Unique geological, physical, biogeochemical &
ecological features of the Indian Ocean
15

16. Expedition strategy
• SCOR & IOC working towards a new
phase of co-ordinated research in Indian
Ocean (2016-2020)
• Embrace ongoing & planned research &
stimulate new initiatives
• IIOE-2 will build upon & leverage
ongoing projects such as:
IndOOS/RAMA, IMBER/SIBER,
CLIVAR/IOP, GEOTRACES, GO-SHIP,
IODP & InterRidge
• Many countries planning cruises which
will serve as the initial core of IIOE-2
• IIOE-2 to be launched in Goa, India in
December 2015
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17. Potential structure of IIOE-2?

18. Examples of new research initiatives
• Eastern Indian Ocean
Upwelling Research Initiative
(EIOURI)
• Focus on upwelling regions
that develop seasonally off
Java, Sumatra & NW Australia
• Western Indian Ocean
Upwelling Research Initiative
(WIOURI)
• Complementary upwelling
research where diverse
geophysical mechanisms
induce upwelling on western
side of basin
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Sumatra Upwelling
Java Upwelling
NW Australia
shelf region
Sri Lanka Dome
Intraseasonal
Kelvin Wave
Fresh Water Inputs
Eastern pole
of IOD
BoB Circulations Heat Flux
Annual Cycle
Plankton behavior
Indonesian
Throughflow
Barrier Layer
Equatorial Upwelling
Nitrogen Cycle
Ecosystem dynamic
Subsurface
nutrient supply
Mixed layer
dynamics
Leeuwin Current
Meso-scale Eddies
Primary/Net production
Monsoon
Ningaloo Nino/Nina
Tuna spawning area
EIOUI
East Indian
Ocean
Upwelling
Ini a ve
.

19. What has been happening in Australia?
• Several Australians participated in IIOE-2
Reference Group meetings
• Australian IIOE-2 stakeholder forum in April 2014 @
Murdoch University, Perth
• Held under auspices of SIBER & IOGOOS with
assistance from IOC Perth Programme Office
• 35 institutional representatives from 20 universities,
research agencies & government departments
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20. IIOE-2 Forum
• Examined research needs
for IIOE-2
• Physical oceanography
• Biogeochemistry &
ecosystems
• Societal drivers
• Much of this now
incorporated in IIOE-2
science plan
• Identified enabling
infrastructure & expertise
• Planned research proposals
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21. Infrastructure & IIOE-2
• New RV Investigator
• Smaller vessels for coastal work (Solander etc)
• Integrated Marine Observing System
• Moorings, gliders, remote sensing products etc
• ARGO floats
• Data management & storage
• RAMA 25oS 100oE mooring
• GO-SHIP
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22. Existing Australian research* & new plans
• IMOS (moorings, gliders, remote sensing etc)*
• Kimberley biodiversity, biogeochemistry &
oceanography (WAMSI)*
• Bio-Argo project (CSIRO & India)
• EIOURI oceanography (Yu, Masumoto & Feng)
• EIOURI trophic linkages (Landry & Beckley)
• Primary productivity of IO via remote sensing
(Antoine et al.)
• 110oE repeat line (Beckley et al.)
• Ninety East Ridge epi-pelagic dynamics
(Jenner, Beckley & McCauley)
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23. National participation in IIOE-2
• Australian delegation to IOC (Bureau of Meteorology)
• IOC Perth Program Office active in IIOE-2
• Australian national IIOE-2 committee with wide
representation recently formed
• RV Investigator call for 2017-18 voyages in July
• Preparing national plan so that Australia can
participate at a level = or > that of original Expedition
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24. Australian EEZ is large
with Christmas & Cocos-
Keeling Islands providing
additional possibilities for
the IIOE-2