A universe-less-ordinary

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Modern ideas in theoretical physics revolve around the concept of extra-dimensions and the attempt to unify the four fundamental forces of nature with string theories. Our Universe has been a great & extraordinary laboratory where we formulate hypotheses to disprove these ideas. Can we find extra dimensions via the cosmic microwave background radiation left over from the first three minutes in our Universe? How do we test such an idea using modern satellite technologies like Planck and WMAP? The story started from a doctorate thesis & ends with a satellite that has been recently launched into space.

Tecnologia

A Universe Less Ordinary
Searching for Extra Dimensions in the Background

Bernard Leong
Theoretical Physicist “for hire” in Hackerspace SG
@bleongcw / bleongcw (at) gmail.com

1

Disclaimers: I shall not answer ...

If God created the world,
who created God?

2

Disclaimers: I shall not answer ...

If God created the world,
who created God?

or when Stephen says
something about God....

2

What I am going to talk about...

Credit to Huifen & Chew Lin for this XKCD art

3

What I am going to talk about...

Why are we searching for
extra dimensions?

Credit to Huifen & Chew Lin for this XKCD art

3

What I am going to talk about...

Why are we searching for
extra dimensions?

What is the story of Our
Universe so far?

Credit to Huifen & Chew Lin for this XKCD art

3

What I am going to talk about...

Why are we searching for
extra dimensions?

What is the story of Our
Universe so far?

How do we ﬁnd extra
dimensions in the cosmic
microwave background?

Credit to Huifen & Chew Lin for this XKCD art

3

Strong
vs Electromagnetic
102

Strong
vs Weak
105

4

Strong
vs Electromagnetic
102

Strong
vs Weak
105

Strong
vs Gravity
1039

4

Strong
vs Electromagnetic
102

Strong
vs Weak
105

Strong
vs Gravity
1039

Why is gravity
so “weak”?
4

Coupling Strength

?
Strong Nuclear Force

Weak Nuclear Force

Gravity
Electromagnetism

10 3
10 16
10 18
Energy (GeV)
5

Coupling Strength

?
Strong Nuclear Force

Weak Nuclear Force

String or M-
Theory
Gravity
Electromagnetism

10 3
10 16
10 18
Energy (GeV)
5

Coupling Strength

?
Strong Nuclear Force

Weak Nuclear Force

String or M-
Theory
Gravity
Electromagnetism

or Loop Quantum
Gravity
10 3
10 16
10 18
Energy (GeV)
5

Small & Large Extra Dimensions

Kaluza Klein Theory (1920s)

6

Small & Large Extra Dimensions

Kaluza Klein Theory (1920s)

Arkani-Hamed, Dvali & Dimopolous (ADD)
Randall-Sundrum (RS)

6

General Relativity in a nutshell

“Matter teaches Space how to bend &
Space teaches matter how to move.”
- J. A. Wheeler
“Relativistische Zeitdiiatation eines künstlichen
Satelliten”, Friedwardt Winterberg,
Astronautica Acta (1955)

7

Temperature for
the ﬂuctuations:
0.0005K

Source: WMAP & Planck Satellite Images
11

Cosmic The ﬁrst peak
Microwave measures the
Background curvature of
Power the universe:
Spectrum Our Universe
is ﬂat

Gravitational
Waves
interacting
with CMB

13

Extra dimensions act as a brake and slow down the
effect of gravity on polarization. If no polarization
signal is observed, one possibility is that the extra
dimension is inhibiting the gravitational wave.

17

A few years
later ...

Phys.Rev. D66 (2002) 104010

18

“The subject is a very much difﬁcult and intricate one than at ﬁrst, one is inclined to think and I
feel that I have not succeeded in catching the keynote. When that is found, the various results
here given will no doubt appear in their real connection with one another, perhaps even as
immediate consequences of a thoroughly adequate conception of the question.”
- Tait

19

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A universe-less-ordinary

1. A Universe Less Ordinary Searching for Extra Dimensions in the Background Bernard Leong Theoretical Physicist “for hire” in Hackerspace SG @bleongcw / bleongcw (at) gmail.com 1

2. Disclaimers: I shall not answer ... 2

3. Disclaimers: I shall not answer ... If God created the world, who created God? 2

4. Disclaimers: I shall not answer ... If God created the world, who created God? or when Stephen says something about God.... 2

5. What I am going to talk about... Credit to Huifen & Chew Lin for this XKCD art 3

6. What I am going to talk about... Why are we searching for extra dimensions? Credit to Huifen & Chew Lin for this XKCD art 3

7. What I am going to talk about... Why are we searching for extra dimensions? What is the story of Our Universe so far? Credit to Huifen & Chew Lin for this XKCD art 3

8. What I am going to talk about... Why are we searching for extra dimensions? What is the story of Our Universe so far? How do we ﬁnd extra dimensions in the cosmic microwave background? Credit to Huifen & Chew Lin for this XKCD art 3

9. 4

10. Strong vs Electromagnetic 102 4

11. Strong vs Electromagnetic 102 Strong vs Weak 105 4

12. Strong vs Electromagnetic 102 Strong vs Weak 105 Strong vs Gravity 1039 4

13. Strong vs Electromagnetic 102 Strong vs Weak 105 Strong vs Gravity 1039 Why is gravity so “weak”? 4

14. Coupling Strength ? Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear Force Gravity Electromagnetism 10 3 10 16 10 18 Energy (GeV) 5

15. Coupling Strength ? Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear Force Gravity Electromagnetism 10 3 10 16 10 18 Energy (GeV) 5

16. Coupling Strength ? Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear Force Gravity Electromagnetism 10 3 10 16 10 18 Energy (GeV) 5

17. Coupling Strength ? Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear Force Gravity Electromagnetism 10 3 10 16 10 18 Energy (GeV) 5

18. Coupling Strength ? Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear Force String or M- Theory Gravity Electromagnetism 10 3 10 16 10 18 Energy (GeV) 5

19. Coupling Strength ? Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear Force String or M- Theory Gravity Electromagnetism or Loop Quantum Gravity 10 3 10 16 10 18 Energy (GeV) 5

20. Small & Large Extra Dimensions 6

21. Small & Large Extra Dimensions Kaluza Klein Theory (1920s) 6

22. Small & Large Extra Dimensions Kaluza Klein Theory (1920s) Arkani-Hamed, Dvali & Dimopolous (ADD) Randall-Sundrum (RS) 6

23. Small & Large Extra Dimensions Kaluza Klein Theory (1920s) Arkani-Hamed, Dvali & Dimopolous (ADD) Randall-Sundrum (RS) 6

24. General Relativity in a nutshell “Matter teaches Space how to bend & Space teaches matter how to move.” - J. A. Wheeler “Relativistische Zeitdiiatation eines künstlichen Satelliten”, Friedwardt Winterberg, Astronautica Acta (1955) 7

25. 8

26. Source: WMAP 9

27. 10

28. Temperature for the ﬂuctuations: 0.0005K Source: WMAP & Planck Satellite Images 11

29. 12

30. Cosmic The ﬁrst peak Microwave measures the Background curvature of Power the universe: Spectrum Our Universe is ﬂat Gravitational Waves interacting with CMB 13

31. 14

32. 15

33. 16

34. Extra dimensions act as a brake and slow down the effect of gravity on polarization. If no polarization signal is observed, one possibility is that the extra dimension is inhibiting the gravitational wave. 17

35. 18

36. A few years later ... 18

37. A few years later ... 18

38. A few years later ... Phys.Rev. D66 (2002) 104010 18

39. “The subject is a very much difﬁcult and intricate one than at ﬁrst, one is inclined to think and I feel that I have not succeeded in catching the keynote. When that is found, the various results here given will no doubt appear in their real connection with one another, perhaps even as immediate consequences of a thoroughly adequate conception of the question.” - Tait 19

A universe-less-ordinary

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A universe-less-ordinary