The role of science in agriculture
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Presentation by Sir Mark Walport to the CLA on 12 November 2014.
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The role of science in agriculture
- 1. The Role of Science in Agriculture Sir Mark Walport Chief Scientific Adviser to HM Government 1 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture
- 2. Government Chief Scientific Adviser • Knowledge translated to economic advantage • Infrastructure resilience • Underpinning policy with evidence • Science for emergencies • Advocacy and leadership for science 2 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Credit: iStockphoto
- 3. Faced with challenges, my role is to: • Draw in experts • Encourage cross-silo thinking • Make connections between different areas of science • Question existing ideas Credit: Alamy Credit: Thoursie/sxc.hu Credit: National Science Foundation 3 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture This is what I do Credit: ilfede/istockphoto Pesticide risks and resistance Demographic change Animal health Climate change
- 4. Importance of agriculture https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-agricultural- technologies-strategy 4 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture
- 5. Agriculture in the UK 60% self-sufficient https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agriculture-in-the-united-kingdom-2013 Credit: Timothy Titus/CC BY-SA 3.0 5 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Credit: Jacquie Wingate/CC BY-SA 1.0 Credit: Daderot/CC BY-SA 3.0 Credit: Ben Salter/CC BY 2.0 Credit: Stefan Kühn/ CC BY-SA 3.0 Credit: Chris huh/CC BY-SA 4.0
- 6. Food Gap: WRI analysis based on Alexandratos, N., and J. Bruinsma. 2012. World agriculture towards 6 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture 2030/2050: The 2012 revision. Rome: FAO • The world will need to produce 69% more food calories in 2050 than we did in 2006. • We can’t just redistribute food to close the food gap. • Need innovation across the supply chain Feeding the world 2006 2050 Required increase in food calories to feed 9.6 billion people by 2050 69%
- 7. Feeding the world sustainably Competition for land use Credit: Meredithw/CC BY-SA 3.0 Credit: USGS/PD Climate change 7 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Biodiversity Plant and Animal Health Credit: USDA/PD
- 8. Competition for land use: Land and Population 8 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Credit: vauvau/CC BY 2.0
- 9. Competition for land use Credit: Ceinturion/CC BY-SA 3.0 Credit: Pam Brophy/CC BY-SA 2.0 Credit: David Lovelace Credit: treehugger Credit: Arnejohs/PD Credit: Bristol Parks 9 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture
- 10. Competition for land use: Use of natural resources Credit: Richard Dorrell/CC BY-SA 2.0 Credit: Stephen Codrington/CC BY 2.5 Credit: Queryzo/CC BY-SA 3.0 10 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture
- 11. 11 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Image credit: CraneStation, Flickr Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Climate change
- 12. Mitigate Adapt Credit: Harvey McDaniel or Suffer Responding to climate change Credit: Ian Britton/CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0 12 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Credit: Reuters
- 13. 13 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Biodiversity Credit: Jeffdelonge/CC BY-SA 3.0 Credit: Charlesjsharp/CC BY-SA 3.0 Credit: Gaudete/CC BY-SA 2.5 Credit: Maciej A. Czyzewski/CC BY-SA 4.0 Credit: Tom Hynes/CC BY-SA 3.0
- 14. Biodiversity: distinguishing risk and hazard 14 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Bees & Pesticides Credit: ilfede/istockphoto Credit: Orangeaurochs/CC BY 2.0 Credit: Fotosearch
- 15. Animal and plant health: The scale of the problem 15 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture
- 16. Animal health: Bovine TB 16 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture
- 17. Plant health: Phytophtora Credit: PLOS/CC BY 2.5 Credit@ ARS/PD Sudden oak death •Kills oak and other trees •Larch trees most affected in the UK •Deliberate felling in England, Scotland and Wales Potato blight •Great Irish famine •£3.7 billion in damage to crops each year worldwide •Potatoes need to be sprayed 20 times/ year in the UK 17 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture
- 18. Animal and plant health Science Capability Project • To determine the UK’s needs and evidence capabilities to underpin best practice management during the next 10-15 years • Guided by the UK Gov and Devolved Administrations, the Research Councils, industry and academia 18 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Credit: Reuters Credit: Thoursie/sxc.hu
- 19. Challenges to UK farming • Public confidence in food safety • Fragmentation of farming industry/ Ageing of workforce • The UK and European competitive environment Credit: iStockphoto ? Credit: Karen Wang 19 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Credit: iStockphoto
- 20. Ageing of the farmer population Average age of workforce=37 20 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Average age of workforce=55 Only 3% of those living in the countryside are involved in agriculture
- 21. Science in Farming: Food Provenance Geographical Origin Isotope Approach Metabolism Granitic rock Meteorological variation Sea-spray Photosynthesis Fertiliser 21 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Confirm Authenticit y 2H 15N 13C 34S 87Sr Geological variation
- 22. Science in Farming: Precision Agriculture Observing, measuring and responding to changes using satellites Optimises returns on inputs while preserving resources Vegetation density 22 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Water deficit Crop Stress
- 23. Science in Farming: New Crops Credit: Rothamsted Credit: Ronald Hutten/CC BY 3.0 Rothamsted Pest Resistant Wheat •Developed in the UK •Produces pest repellant pheromone •Reduces environmental impact Blight-Resistant Potato •Currently potatoes are sprayed 20 times/ year •Developed in the UK •No risk of outcrossing/ genetic contamination (tubers) 23 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture
- 24. 24 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture New Technologies: Managing risk, not avoiding it GMOs •What organism? •What gene? •What purpose? •The specific application – not the generic technology Credit: Rosalee Yagihara/CC BY 2.0 Credit: IRRI/CC BY 2.0
- 25. 25 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture Agri-Tech strategy The UK as a world leader in agricultural technology, innovation and sustainability To maintain this position, we need to enable: •Collaboration between government, researchers and industry •Increased investment •Attracting the best people into agriculture
- 26. Respondents concerned about use of pesticides to grow food1 34% 26 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture The policy challenge: Viewing difficult issues through lenses 1. Biannual Public Attitudes Tracker, Wave 7, November 2013 (Food Standards Agency) 2. British Beekeepers Association, Winter Survival Survey, June 2013 3. http://www.croplifeamerica.org/crop-protection/pesticide-facts Use of crop protection products increase crop productivity by 20 – 50%3 Bee colony losses in 2012/13 reported by British Beekeepers Association2 25% Credit: Thomas Shahan/CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0
- 27. Solutions involve all tools Technology transfer 27 Country Land and Business Association 2014 – Science in Agriculture International collaboration/ investment Public dialogue YouTube: Fair use Credit: Martin Barraud/Getty Images Credit: BananaStock/Getty Images
- 28. @uksciencechief www.bis.gov.uk/go-science Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. We apologise for any errors or omissions in the included attributions and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future versions of this slide set. We can be contacted through enquiries@bis.gsi.gov.uk .
Notas do Editor
- Imports: eggs, fruit, pork products Exports: lamb and sheep, milk, whiskey
- While the world population is rising year on year, the arable land available worldwide remains practically the same. This means that the per capita area available for safeguarding the supply of food is constantly decreasing. As a consequence, significant increases in yields are needed to ensure that an adequate food supply can be maintained in the future. Here’s a sobering factoid: the amount of arable land has not changed appreciably for more than half a century. This looks like a big increase, but it’s only 10%. Meanwhile, the population has doubled, which means we’ve gone from about an acre of arable land per person to half an acre. And despite pockets here and there, the overall amount of arable land is not likely to increase much in the future because we’re losing it to urbanization, salinization, and desertification as fast as we’re adding it. Desertification: Shortage of farmland China now has more than 2.62 million square kilometres of land under desertification, twice the amount of the total available farmland in China. Agriculture currently consumes 70% of total global water withdrawals from rivers and aquifers, many are overexploited Of 11.5 billion ha of vegetated land on earth, around 24% has undergone human induced soil degradation Agriculture directly contributes 10-12% of GHG emissions We need a transition to sustainable agriculture which is: Productive and generates income Resilient Resource efficient (including land), Protects the environment Maintains ecosystem services but at the same time Adapts to climate change Reduces GHG emissions
- Solar panels, agriculture, biodiversity Housing, wind farming, playgrounds/ recreation
- Top left: Salmon fisheries in Scotland (the marine environment and fish as a natural resource)
- What are the global policy responses? Do nothing Mitigate Adapt Geoengineer (or a combination thereof) And what can science contribute?
- http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/notifiable.htm http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/publications/plantPestDiseaseFactsheets.cfm http://footandmouth.fera.defra.gov.uk/ http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/vetenfinf/bse/14Atkinson.html http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/apr/30/ash-dieback-trees-2018
- 37 is average of workforce in London 55 is average age of farmers (from Future Cities Project) http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/planning/development-and-population-information/employment-and-visitors/Documents/census-information-reports-workforce-age-and-occupation.pdf
- Safety Economics Sustainability