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Biodiesel Technical Training  Course BIO3.2: Biodiesel Fuel Quality Presented by the  National Biodiesel Board
ASTM American Society of Testing & Materials  Biodiesel Specifications  and Fuel Quality
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Learning Objectives
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Learning Outcomes
Biodiesel Defined ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiesel (B100) Attributes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ASTM Standards for Biodiesel ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Biodiesel Specifications
BQ-9000 Program ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Quality, Quality, Quality ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Why care about  biodiesel quality?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Summary
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Review of the Production Process
Transesterification  (the biodiesel reaction) Fatty Acid Chain Glycerol Methanol  (or Ethanol) One triglyceride molecule is converted into three mono alkyl ester (biodiesel) molecules Biodiesel Triglyceride
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Potential Impurities:   in Biodiesel
ASTM Standards for Biodiesel ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],B100 Blending    Component Specification
ASTM D7467: B6-B20 Blend    Specification
Impact of Blended Specs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiesel Pump Labeling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
BQ-9000 Fuel Quality Program
BQ-9000 Program ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
BQ-9000 Status ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2004 B100 Quality Survey ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2006 Quality survey ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2007 B100 Quality Survey
Survey Results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How do you ensure quality? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Critical Parameters ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flashpoint ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flashpoint ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flashpoint
Acid Number ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sulfur Content ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sulfur Testing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Low temperature Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cloud Point ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cloud Point & CFPP
Cloud Point ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cold weather operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water & Sediment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water and Sediment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Karl Fischer :    Moisture Determination   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cold Soak Filtration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cold Soak cont. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sulfated Ash ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Total & Free Glycerin ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
ASTM D6584 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Good Conversion
Oxidation Stability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fuel Oxidation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thermal & Oxidative Stability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiesel Fuel Stability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Class I & II metals Calcium & Magnesium & Sodium & Potassium can be in biodie sel as abrasive solids or soluble metallic soaps. Solids contribute to injector, fuel pump, piston, and ring wear, & engine deposits.  Soluble metallic soaps have little effect on wear, but filter clogging & engine deposits These compounds may also be collected in exhaust particulate removal devices
Less Critical Parameters ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cetane Number ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cetane ,[object Object],[object Object]
Low Cetane Impact Poor Ignition Quality Long ignition delay Abnormal Combustion Possible High Combustion Pressure Increased Engine stress Excessive Engine Knock Smoke on Cold start
Cetane Index ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Boiling Point and Volatility ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
90% Distillation Temperature  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Viscosity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Carbon Residue ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ash ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Copper Strip Corrosion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lubricity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SLBOCLE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HFRR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Enhanced Lubricity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1-2% 66% Improvement
Density ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Energy Content ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Non ASTM tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MP Biomedicals
Completion of Reaction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
0.2139 Bound Glycerin Although cloudy, there were no droplets of precipitate. 0.0900 Bound Glycerin Crystal clear, no cloudiness or precipitate. Samples Passing 3/27
0.9256 Bound Glycerin Note the falling droplets of unreacted oil. Samples Failing 3/27  1.8260 Bound Glycerin
Biodiesel Conversion Test
Acid Number Qualitative Tests
AOCS- Soap Content ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Soap Method Titrating from blue/green  to  straw yellow….
[object Object],AOCS Method for QTA
Wilkes InfraSpec measures percent biodiesel in diesel fuel, ethanol in gasoline, water in ethanol as well as total glycerides during the biodiesel  pass/fail determination in less than 5 minutes. Wilkes Infra-Spec
Paradigm Sensors * Paradigm Sensors’i-SPEC™ tests TOTAL GLYCERIN in blended fuels (B6-B20), which is in accordance with ASTM proposal that the biodiesel portion of the fuel must meet ASTM 6751 prior to blending.
Fleet Biodiesel
Cytoculture - pHlip tst
Wika Water Test
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Microbial growth
Microbial Growth ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exposure to Air ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bacteria Growth Fungal Growth
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Operational issues
Certificate of Analysis
Biodiesel Quality Standard ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps to Maintaining Fuel ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],In Summary
Biodiesel Use & Handling ,[object Object]
Fuel Quality resources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiesel Resources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thank You! Questions…? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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BIO3.2 Biodiesel Fuel Quality

  • 1. Biodiesel Technical Training Course BIO3.2: Biodiesel Fuel Quality Presented by the National Biodiesel Board
  • 2. ASTM American Society of Testing & Materials Biodiesel Specifications and Fuel Quality
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  • 13. Transesterification (the biodiesel reaction) Fatty Acid Chain Glycerol Methanol (or Ethanol) One triglyceride molecule is converted into three mono alkyl ester (biodiesel) molecules Biodiesel Triglyceride
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  • 17. ASTM D7467: B6-B20 Blend Specification
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  • 54. Class I & II metals Calcium & Magnesium & Sodium & Potassium can be in biodie sel as abrasive solids or soluble metallic soaps. Solids contribute to injector, fuel pump, piston, and ring wear, & engine deposits. Soluble metallic soaps have little effect on wear, but filter clogging & engine deposits These compounds may also be collected in exhaust particulate removal devices
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  • 58. Low Cetane Impact Poor Ignition Quality Long ignition delay Abnormal Combustion Possible High Combustion Pressure Increased Engine stress Excessive Engine Knock Smoke on Cold start
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  • 76. 0.2139 Bound Glycerin Although cloudy, there were no droplets of precipitate. 0.0900 Bound Glycerin Crystal clear, no cloudiness or precipitate. Samples Passing 3/27
  • 77. 0.9256 Bound Glycerin Note the falling droplets of unreacted oil. Samples Failing 3/27 1.8260 Bound Glycerin
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  • 81. Soap Method Titrating from blue/green to straw yellow….
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  • 83. Wilkes InfraSpec measures percent biodiesel in diesel fuel, ethanol in gasoline, water in ethanol as well as total glycerides during the biodiesel pass/fail determination in less than 5 minutes. Wilkes Infra-Spec
  • 84. Paradigm Sensors * Paradigm Sensors’i-SPEC™ tests TOTAL GLYCERIN in blended fuels (B6-B20), which is in accordance with ASTM proposal that the biodiesel portion of the fuel must meet ASTM 6751 prior to blending.
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Notas do Editor

  1. Oxidation Stability is 6 hours Cold Soak Filtration Test included Acid Number Reduction
  2. ASTM D 2274 is most commonly referenced
  3. Low cetane number fuels are slow to ignite and then burn too rapidly, leading to high rates of pressure rise. These poor combustion characteristics can give rise to excessive engine noise and vibration, increased exhaust emissions and reduced vehicle performance, with increased engine stress specifically on the piston & cylinder
  4. largest factor affecting the fuel economy, torque, and horsepower delivered by the fuel. The energy content of conventional diesel can vary up to 15% from supplier to supplier and from summer to winter. Typical No. 2 diesel fuel has an energy content of around 18,600 Btu/lb. Soy b100 15,940 Btu/lb
  5. The InfraSpec can measure percent biodiesel in diesel fuel, ethanol in gasoline, water in ethanol as well as total glycerides during the biodiesel reaction process. Using the InfraSpec Spectrometer for making pass/fail determinations for total glycerides can significantly reduce analysis time and increase reactor throughput by as much as 20 percent. The InfraSpec VFA-IR Spectrometer is compact and portable and has a simplified software interface for non-technically trained personnel giving the user the capability to measure the blend ratio of biofuels or total glycerides on site or at a manufacturing facility.
  6. Paradigm Sensors’ i-SPEC™ Q-100 handheld field unit is capable of testing total glycerin, acid number, and methanol as well as biodiesel concentration, between B0 to B100, correlating with current FTIR and GC reference methodology
  7. Micro-organisms have been found in diesel fuel forever, and seem to be an increasing issue since the advent of ultra low sulfur diesel fuel. They grow at the water interface at the bottom of the tank, living in the water but feeding off of the fuel—whether that is petrodiesel or biodiesel or a biodiesel blend. If micro-organisms are present in a high enough quantity they can clog a fuel filter. They are relatively easily treated with a variety of conventional biocides which kill the organisms which can then be filtered out. Keeping the water out of tanks on a regular basis can go a long way toward reducing or eliminating micro-organisms. Filters with microbial growth appear black and slimy and typically have an odor different that is normal. There are a variety of microbial testing kits that users can buy to see if their fuel is starting to grow bugs. Its not desirable to regularly treat for bugs unless you actually have them, since you don’t want the bugs to develop a resistance to the biocide.
  8. Air enters all diesel systems and most of that time the air that comes in bring moisture with it. Air and moisture are the enemies of any fuel system—whether that system is petrodiesel or biodiesel. The presence of air will increase oxidation of the fuel over time. The best thing to do to minimize oxidation is to have good turn over of the fuel and not to store if for long periods of time. Most fueling systems do this as part of normal business, so it doesn’t end up being a problem. If there are systems where the fuel might stay around, fuel stabilizers are recommended as are desiccant dryers on the air vents which will minimize the potential for moisture contamination.
  9. Advise your customers of these simple steps which will help maintain high quality fuel and minimize filter clogging.