This document discusses primary health care and the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978. It provides the following key points: - The Alma-Ata Declaration established "Health for All" as a goal and endorsed primary health care as the key approach. It defined primary health care as including health education, disease prevention and control, immunizations, maternal and child care, nutrition, treatment, and more. - The Declaration recognized health as a fundamental human right and reducing inequality in health status between developed and developing nations. It emphasized social and economic development alongside health. - Students will conduct community assessments, interviewing families using an assessment tool and reporting their findings. Their work aims to support primary health care goals

1. Primary Health Care
Bien Eli Nillos, MD, MHSS

2. Grade Performance
• Quizzes/Tests/Seatworks ----------------------------- 30%
• Term Exams --------------------------------------------- 40%
• Community Work Outputs ---------------------------- 30%
• Total ------------------------------------------------------- 100%
Final Grade:
Terms Grades --------------------------------------------- 40%
Group Work/Project/Action research output ------ 60%

3. Register in Schoology: TCGQ-K3ZT-CKXJX

4. How do you understand Primary Health Care?

5. Alma Ata Declaration of 1978
• International Conference on Primary
Health Care (PHC), Almaty (formerly
Alma-Ata), Kazakhstan
• The primary health care approach has
since then been accepted by member
countries of the World Health
Organization (WHO) as the key to
achieving the goal of "Health For All"
but only in developing countries at
first. This applied to all other countries
five years later.

6. Alma Ata Declaration Article I
• The Conference strongly reaffirms that health, which is a state of
complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity, is a fundamental human
right and that the attainment of the highest possible level of
health is a most important world-wide social goal whose
realization requires the action of many other social and
economic sectors in addition to the health sector.

7. What is a RIGHT
• Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that
is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of
people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical
theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
• “Rights are powers necessary for the fulfilment of man’s vocation as a
moral being.”(T.H. Green)

8. Main Features of Rights
• Rights exist only in society. These are the products of social living.
• Rights are claims of the individuals for their development in society.
• Rights are recognized by the society as common claims of all the people.
• Rights are rational and moral claims that the people make on their society.
• Since rights are here only in society, these cannot be exercised against the
society.
• Rights are to be exercised by the people for their development which really
means their development in society by the promotion of social good. Rights
can never be exercised against social good.

9. Main Features of Rights
• Rights are equally available to all the people.
• The contents of rights keep on changing with the passage of time.
• Rights are not absolute. These always bear limitations deemed essential for
maintaining public health, security, order and morality.
• Rights are inseparably related with duties. There is a close relationship
between them “No Duties No Rights. No Rights No Duties.” “If I have
rights it is my duty to respect the rights of others in society”.
• Rights need enforcement and only then these can be really used by the
people. These are protected and enforced by the laws of the state. It is the
duty of a state to protect the rights of the people.

10. Utilitarianism
• actions are morally right or wrong depends on their effects. More specifically, the
only effects of actions that are relevant are the good and bad results that they
produce.
• Utilitarianism is solely consequentialist; the justice or injustice of an action or
state of affairs is determined exclusively by the consequences it brings about. If an
action maximizes utility, it is just.
• Rights are limited by the utility principle. If the exercise of a right maximizes the
good, the right ought to hold. If it fails to do so, the right may be justly abridged.

11. Kantianism
• Immanuel Kant proposes that the essence of morality is captured by what
has been called the Categorical Imperative.
• In other words, it demands consistency. What's all right for me is all right for
you if our relevant circumstances are similar.
• “Treat humanity, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same
time as an end.” Similarly, our conduct is only just if, in acting, we do not
use any other person as a tool to achieve our own objectives. In
common way, our moral duty is to only act where our actions satisfy the two
tests outlined - universalizability and the ends/means requirement.

12. Laski Theory
• Harold Laski calls rights as conditions of social life. Rights are social concept
and deeply linked with social life. The essentiality of rights is established
by the fact that individuals claim them for the development of their best self.
He places rights, individuals and state on the same board in the sense that
they cannot be separated from each other and there is no antagonism
between them.
• He stated that Rights are correlative to functions. The functional theory
emphasizes that an individual is entitled to claim rights only when he
performs duty otherwise the claim or demand for right cannot be
entertained.

13. Barker’s Theory of Right
• The main purpose of every political organization called state is to see that
the personality of the individual gets ample scope for development. It
is the duty of the state to guarantee and secure the conditions essential for
that objective.
• Development of personality requires favorable conditions and these are to
be guaranteed by the state through the enactment of law. Barker says, that
law of the state helps me to secure rights. But rights are claims and the
origin is the individual himself. The individual is a moral person and it is his
determination that he will develop his moral personality through the rights.

14. Types of Rights
• Natural Rights - parts of human
nature and reason.
• Moral Rights - based on human
consciousness. They are supported by
moral force of human mind. These are
based on human sense of goodness
and justice. These are not assisted by
the force of law. Sense of goodness
and public opinion are the sanctions
behind moral rights.
• Legal Rights -rights which are accepted
and enforced by the state
• Civil Rights –rights which provide
opportunity to each person to lead a
civilized social life.
• Political Rights - These allow them to
take an active part in the political
process.
• Economic Rights - those rights which
provide economic security to the
people.

15. Human Rights
• Human rights are those moral rights that are morally important and basic,
and that are held by every human being because they are possessed in virtue
of the universal moral status of human beings. Human rights are one of the
significant aspects of human political reality.
• It is the moral rights of highest order. Human Rights are evolved out of self-
respect. It is intrinsic to all humans without any discrimination of race, sex,
nationality, ethnicity, language, religion and colour etc.

16. Social Determinants of Health
• are conditions in the
environments in which people
are born, live, learn, work, play,
worship, and age that affect a
wide range of health,
functioning, and quality-of-life
outcomes and risks.

18. Alma Ata Declaration Article II
• The existing gross inequality in the health status of
the people particularly between developed and
developing countries as well as within countries is
politically, socially and economically unacceptable
and is, therefore, of common concern to all
countries.

19. Alma Ata Declaration Article III
• Economic and social development, based on a New International Economic
Order, is of basic importance to the fullest attainment of health for all and
to the reduction of the gap between the health status of the developing and
developed countries. The promotion and protection of the health of the
people is essential to sustained economic and social development and
contributes to a better quality of life and to world peace.

20. Alma Ata Declaration Article IV
• The people have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively
in the planning and implementation of their health care.

21. Primary Care
• is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable
methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in
the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and
country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of
self reliance and self-determination.
• It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the
national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live
and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process.

22. Differences Primary health Care Primary Care
Nature Idea/Concept/
Belief
Method or Organization
ofhealth service delivery
Core Value Health as a
Right
Essential Health care closer to people
Core Elements Social Determinants of
Health and people’s
participation
Services based on biological elements
Approach Interdisciplinary Multidisciplinary

23. Kwento ni Rosario Case Study

24. Elements of Primary Health Care
• E – education on health problems and how to prevent and control them
• L - Local endemic diseases control
• E – expanded program of immunization
• M - Maternal and child healthcare, including family planning
• E – environmental sanitation
• N – nutrition and food safety
• T –treatment of common diseases and injuries
• S - safe water supply

25. Alma Ata Declaration Article X
• An acceptable level of health for all the people of the
world by the year 2000 can be attained through a fuller
and better use of the world's resources, a considerable
part of which is now spent on armaments and military
conflicts.

26. Community Work
• Go to selected GK site and interview 10 families per group using the
Family Asssessment Tool (which you can download from your schoology)
• Accomplish the tool accurately and completely and submit them next week.
Place all the tools in one manila envelope labelled with your group members
name.
• Attach inside a summary table of all the data you have collected for the
group.

27. • WHAT IS THE END
OF YOUR BEING A
DOCTOR?
• TO WHAT END ARE
ALL THE SACRIFICES
YOU ARE DOING
NOW?