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The Study of American Government
1.
Chapter 1Chapter 1 The
Study ofThe Study of AmericanAmerican GovernmentGovernment
2.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHO GOVERNS?WHO GOVERNS? 1. How is political power actually1. How is political power actually distributed in America?distributed in America? 2. What explains major political change?2. What explains major political change? TO WHAT ENDS?TO WHAT ENDS? 1. What value or values matter most in1. What value or values matter most in American democracy?American democracy? 2. Are trade-offs among political2. Are trade-offs among political purposes inevitable?purposes inevitable?
3.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage What Is Political Power?What Is Political Power? PowerPower–the ability of one person to–the ability of one person to get another person to act inget another person to act in accordance with the first person’saccordance with the first person’s intentionsintentions AuthorityAuthority–the right to use power–the right to use power LegitimacyLegitimacy–political authority–political authority conferred by law or by a state orconferred by law or by a state or national constitutionnational constitution
4.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage p. 5
5.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage What Is Democracy?What Is Democracy? DemocracyDemocracy–the rule of many–the rule of many DirectDirect oror participatory democracyparticipatory democracy–– government in which all or most citizensgovernment in which all or most citizens participate directlyparticipate directly Representative democracyRepresentative democracy–a–a governmentgovernment in which leaders make decisions byin which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for thewinning a competitive struggle for the popular vote.popular vote.
6.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage An Iraqi woman shows herAn Iraqi woman shows her purple finger indicating thatpurple finger indicating that she has voted in 2005, thatshe has voted in 2005, that country’s first free election incountry’s first free election in half a century, p. 6.half a century, p. 6. To enter the United States,To enter the United States, foreigners must nowforeigners must now produce a photograph andproduce a photograph and fingerprints, p. 6.fingerprints, p. 6. Ramin Talaie/Corbis AFP/Getty Images
7.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
8.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Is RepresentativeIs Representative Democracy Best?Democracy Best? AristotleAristotle defined democracy as ruledefined democracy as rule ordinary people, most of whomordinary people, most of whom would be poorwould be poor John LockeJohn Locke argued against powerfulargued against powerful kings and in favor of popular consentkings and in favor of popular consent Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes argued that anargued that an absolute, supreme ruler wasabsolute, supreme ruler was essential to prevent civil waressential to prevent civil war
9.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage How Is PoliticalHow Is Political Power Distributed?Power Distributed? Majoritarian politicsMajoritarian politics – elected officials– elected officials are the delegates of the people, actingare the delegates of the people, acting as the peopleas the people Political elitePolitical elite – 4 descriptions– 4 descriptions • elites reflect a dominant social classelites reflect a dominant social class • a group of business, military, labor union,a group of business, military, labor union, and elected officials control all decisionsand elected officials control all decisions • appointed bureaucrats run everythingappointed bureaucrats run everything • representatives of a large number ofrepresentatives of a large number of interest groups are in chargeinterest groups are in charge
10.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage How Is PoliticalHow Is Political Power Distributed?Power Distributed? Class viewClass view–the government is dominated–the government is dominated by capitalistsby capitalists Power elite viewPower elite view–the government is–the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most ofdominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of governmentwhom are outside of government Bureaucratic viewBureaucratic view–the government is–the government is dominated by appointed officialsdominated by appointed officials Pluralist viewPluralist view–the belief that competition–the belief that competition among all affected interests shapes publicamong all affected interests shapes public policypolicy
11.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Is Democracy Driven byIs Democracy Driven by Self-Interest?Self-Interest? A policy may be good or bad independent ofA policy may be good or bad independent of the motives of the person who decided it.the motives of the person who decided it. The self-interest of individuals often is anThe self-interest of individuals often is an incomplete guide to their actions.incomplete guide to their actions. Many of the most important politicalMany of the most important political happenings in U.S. were led against longhappenings in U.S. were led against long odds by people who risked much knowingodds by people who risked much knowing that they might not succeed and suspectingthat they might not succeed and suspecting that, even if they did succeed, generationsthat, even if they did succeed, generations might pass before their efforts truly benefitedmight pass before their efforts truly benefited anyone.anyone.
12.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage What Explains Political Change?What Explains Political Change? Government and its policies areGovernment and its policies are shaped byshaped by • Economic interestsEconomic interests • Powerful elitesPowerful elites • Entrenched bureaucratsEntrenched bureaucrats • Competing pressureCompeting pressure groupsgroups • Morally impassionedMorally impassioned individualsindividuals Enigma/Alamy
13.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage What Explains Political Change?What Explains Political Change? The dominant political problem of theThe dominant political problem of the time shapes the nature of day-to-daytime shapes the nature of day-to-day political conflict throughpolitical conflict through • Deep-seated beliefsDeep-seated beliefs • Major economic developmentsMajor economic developments • Widely shared (or competing) opinionsWidely shared (or competing) opinions
14.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage The Nature of PoliticsThe Nature of Politics Judgments about institutions and interestsJudgments about institutions and interests can be made only after one has seen howcan be made only after one has seen how they behave on a variety of importantthey behave on a variety of important issues or potential issues, such asissues or potential issues, such as • economic policyeconomic policy • the regulation of businessthe regulation of business • social welfaresocial welfare • civil rights and libertiescivil rights and liberties • foreign and military affairsforeign and military affairs
15.
WHAT WOULD YOU
DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO? MEMORANDUMMEMORANDUM To:To: Governor Steve FinoreGovernor Steve Finore From:From: Edward Heron, chief policy adviserEdward Heron, chief policy adviser Subject:Subject: Initiative RepealInitiative Repeal You have supported several successful initiativesYou have supported several successful initiatives (life imprisonment for thrice-convicted violent(life imprisonment for thrice-convicted violent felons, property tax limits), but you have neverfelons, property tax limits), but you have never publicly stated a view on the initiative itself, and thepublicly stated a view on the initiative itself, and the repeal proposal will probably surface duringrepeal proposal will probably surface during tomorrow’s press briefing.tomorrow’s press briefing. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
16.
Arguments for a
ban:Arguments for a ban: 1. Ours is a representative, not a direct, democracy in which voters1. Ours is a representative, not a direct, democracy in which voters elect leaders and elected leaders make policy decisions subject toelect leaders and elected leaders make policy decisions subject to review by the courts.review by the courts. 2. Voters often are neither rational nor respectful of constitutional2. Voters often are neither rational nor respectful of constitutional rights. For example, many people demand both lower taxes andrights. For example, many people demand both lower taxes and more government services, and polls find that most voters wouldmore government services, and polls find that most voters would prohibit people with certain views from speaking and deprive allprohibit people with certain views from speaking and deprive all persons accused of a violent crime from getting out on bail whilepersons accused of a violent crime from getting out on bail while awaiting trial.awaiting trial. 3. Over the past 100 years, about 800 statewide ballot initiatives3. Over the past 100 years, about 800 statewide ballot initiatives have been passed in 24 states. Rather than giving power to thehave been passed in 24 states. Rather than giving power to the people, special-interest groups have spent billions of dollarspeople, special-interest groups have spent billions of dollars manipulating voters to pass initiatives that enrich or benefit them,manipulating voters to pass initiatives that enrich or benefit them, not the public at large.not the public at large. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
17.
Arguments against a
ban:Arguments against a ban: 1. When elected officials fail to respond to persistent public1. When elected officials fail to respond to persistent public majorities favoring tougher crime measures, lower property taxes,majorities favoring tougher crime measures, lower property taxes, and other popular concerns, direct democracy via the initiative isand other popular concerns, direct democracy via the initiative is legitimate, and the courts can still review the law.legitimate, and the courts can still review the law. 2. More Americans than ever have college degrees and easy access2. More Americans than ever have college degrees and easy access to information about public affairs. Studies find that most averageto information about public affairs. Studies find that most average citizens are able to figure out which candidates, parties, orcitizens are able to figure out which candidates, parties, or advocacy groups come closest to supporting their own economicadvocacy groups come closest to supporting their own economic interests and personal values.interests and personal values. 3. All told, the 24 states that passed 35 laws by initiative also passed3. All told, the 24 states that passed 35 laws by initiative also passed more than 14,000 laws by the regular legislative process (out ofmore than 14,000 laws by the regular legislative process (out of more than 70,000 bills they considered). Studies find that special-more than 70,000 bills they considered). Studies find that special- interest groups are severely limited in their ability to pass newinterest groups are severely limited in their ability to pass new laws by initiative, while citizens’ groups with broad-based publiclaws by initiative, while citizens’ groups with broad-based public support are behind most initiatives that pass.support are behind most initiatives that pass. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
18.
Your decision:Your decision: Favor
ban?Favor ban? Oppose ban?Oppose ban? Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
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