3. Resistance to Colonial Rule
• Discrimination – white settlers forced
Africans off the best land in Kenya and
Rhodesia
– Restrict who can grow most lucrative crops
(coffee and sisal)
• Africans forced to carry ID cards, pay
special taxes and travel was limited
4. Resistance Takes Many Forms
• Those who lost lands to Europeans
sometimes squatted or settled illegally
• Workers started forming labor unions
• Socialism gains popularity
• Protests become common
5. Examples
• Kenya and the Kikuyu
• Protested loss of land,
forced labor, heavy taxes,
and ID cards
• Jailed the Kikuyu leaders
• Nigeria
• “Women’s War” –
reaction to British policies
that restricted women’s
positions in the markets
– Machetes and sticks
6. Racial Segregation and
Nationalism in South Africa
• 1910-1940 – whites imposed a system of racial
segregation
– Ensured white economic and political power, and
social supremacy
• Laws restrict better-paying jobs in mines to
whites only
– Blacks pushed into low-paid, less-skilled work
• Evicted from the best land
– Forced to live on crowded reserves in infertile areas
• Abolish the right to vote in 1936
7. Apartheid in South Africa
• Post 1948, restrictive segregation laws
become official, permanent laws
8. Pan-African Congress
• Led by African American scholar – WEB
DuBois
• First met in Paris in 1919
• Delegates from African colonies, the West
Indies, and the US called on Paris
peacemakers to approve a charter of
rights for Africans
– Demands are ignored, but cooperation among
African and African American leaders is
established
9. Egypt
• During WW I Egyptians were forced to provide food and
workers to help Britain
• Resistance simmered
• When the war ended Western-educated officials,
peasants, landowners, Christians, and Muslims united
behind the WAFD party, launching strikes and revolts
• British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent
– But British stayed to guard the Suez and remained
the indirect power behind the king
• 1930s the Muslim Brotherhood develops – fosters a
broad Islamic nationalism that reject western culture and
denounces widespread corruption in the Egyptian gov’t
10. Bye Bye Ottomans
• Collapsed officially in 1918
• Arab lands divided up between British and
French, but the Turks resist and build
Turkey
• Mustafa Kemal
– leads Turkish nat’lists to overthrow the sultan
– Defeats western occupation forces
– Declares Turkey a republic
– Nicknamed “Ataturk” – “father of the Turks”
11. Westernization
– Replaces Islamic law with European models
– Discards Muslim calendar for the Christian
one
– Replaces Arabic with the Latin alphabet
– Dress code – western
– Closed religious schools, opens thousands of
state schools
– No more veil
– Polygamy is outlawed
– Women begin working outside the home
– Industrial expansion
12. Turkey inspires…
• Iran
• Greatly resent the British and Russians
• 1925 Reza Khan overthrows the shah and
creates his own dynasty
– Modernizes, makes Iran independent
– Industrializes
– Western clothing
– Creates modern, secular schools
– Secular law replaces the sharia
– British still own the oil industry
13. Pan-Arabism
• Arabs had helped the Euro Allies fight the Ottomans and
Central Powers in WWI (with promise of independence)
• Instead…Allies carve up the Ottoman lands “mandates”
– Britain – Palestine and Iraq, Later Trans-Jordan
– France – Syria and Lebanon
• Can we say betrayal?
– 1920s and 30s – anger erupted in frequent protests
and revolts against the West
– A particularly sensitive area?
• Palestine – Arab nationalists versus European
Zionists (Jewish Nationalists)
16. Mexican Revolution
• Porfirio Diaz, rules
Mexico, 35 yrs by 1910
• Landowners, businesses,
and foreign investors are
happy
• Majority (peasants living
in poverty) are not
– No land or education = no
hope
17. The Battle Begins
• Francisco Madero –
liberal reformer who
demands free elections
• Diaz imprisons him
• Madero encourages
revolts, Diaz resigns
• Madero becomes prez of
Mexico
• Madero is murdered
within two years
18. Power Struggle
• Francisco “Pancho”
Villa
– Rebel from the north
– Personal power
– Wins loyalty from
followers
• Emiliano Zapata
– Indian tenant farmer
– Leads peasant revolt
– Followers=Zapatistas
19. • Fighting goes on for
years
• Around 1,000,000 are
killed
• Peasants, small farmers,
ranchers, and urban
workers are all involved
• Soldaderas (women
soldiers) cook, treat
wounded, and fight with
the men
20.
21. Venustiano Carranza
• Elected 1917
• Constitution of 1917
– Land, religion, and labor
• Break up estates
• Restrict foreigners from
owning land
• Allowed Nationalization
– Govt takeover of natural
resources
– Sets minimum wage
– Protects strike rights
22. The PRI
• Institutional Revolutionary Party
– Created in 1929
– Accommodated all groups in Mexican society
including busineses, military leaders,
peasants, and workers
– Back reform
– Suppressed oppression
23. Rising Tide of Nationalism
• Reclaiming oil fields from foreign investors
renews sense of nationalism
– Especially with United States
• Economic Nationalism – determined to
develop their own economies and
independence from foreign economic
control
• Cultural Nationalism – revival of mural
paintings
26. Good Neighbor Policy
• During Mexican Revolution the United States supported
leaders who it thought would best protect US interests
• 1914, attack Vera Cruz (imprisoning US sailors)
• 1916, US invades b/c Pancho Villa killed over 12
Americans in Mexico
• Result? Anti-American sentiments
• 1920s Nicaragua, Augusto Cesar Sandino led guerrilla
movement against US occupied forces (Sandino Latin
Am hero)
• 1930s FDR creates the good neighbor policy:
– US withdrew troops in Haiti and Nicaragua, lifts legislature that
limited Cuban independence
