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Ch 20 africa ppt
1. AFRICA AND THE AFRICANS
IN THE AGE OF THE
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
Chapter 20
2. GOLD WEALTH OF GHANA
Ghana – “land of gold”
Soninke people
Ideal for trade – between Niger and Senegal
rivers
King taxes all trade
Capital: Kumbi Saleh
Comprised of two walled towns
3. ~INFLUENCE OF ISLAM
Muslim merchants brought the Islamic faith to
Ghana
Ghana adopted Muslim counselors, government
officials, military technology, ideas about
government, written language, coinage, business
methods, and styles of architecture.
Most Soninke people continue to support their
traditional customs and beliefs
4. GHANA’S DECLINE
c. 1050 AD Almoravids – pious Muslims of N.
Africa launch a campaign to spread Islam
Almoravids overwhelm and take Ghana, but
cannot consistently rule Ghana across the
Sahara
Kingdom of Mali expands and takes over Ghana
instead
5. THE KINGDOM OF MALI
Mandinka people
Mandinka word “Mali” means
“where the king dwells”
Mansas -- kings expanded their
influence over the gold mining
regions and salt supplies of
Taghaza http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/classroom/pages/projects/grade7/lesso
Camel Caravan routes caused n5/Images/westafrica.jpg
towns like Timbuktu to
mushroom into great trading
cities.
6. THE MALI EMPIRE FLOURISHED IN THE 13TH CENTURY, WITH THE
CITY OF TIMBUKTU ON THE BANKS OF THE NIGER RIVER AS AN
INTELLECTUAL, ARTISTIC AND RELIGIOUS CENTER. (THE
REPUBLIC OF MALI).
7. SUNDIATA
Ibn Batuta said:
• Brilliant leader Arab traveler
• Celebrated by the griots
(professional oral historians) “Of all peoples, the
• He divided up the world (16 Blacks are those who
clans – bear arms and carry
the box and arrow; five clans most hate injustice, and
– devoted to religious duties; their emperor pardons
four clans – specialists like
blacksmiths and griots) none who is guilty of it”
• Even though very diverse,
safety and loyalty were
emphasized
• Crime was severely punished
9. IBN BATUTA & MARCO POLO LATE 1200’S EARLY 1300’S
http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/images/mpibvoya.jpg
10. MANSA MUSA
Greatest Emperor of
Mali
Expanded the empire to
Atlantic Ocean and up to
North Africa
25 year reign
Converts to Islam and
based his system of
justice on the Quran
11. MANSA MUSA’S GREATNESS CONT…
• 1324 AD Mansa Musa
fulfilled one of the five
pillars: the Hajj
• Created economic and
diplomatic ties with other
Muslim states along his
journey
• Still did not force women to
veil, women were not
secluded within the home
http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0100-kingdom-mali.php
• By 1400s Timbuktu becomes
a leading center of learning,
drew Muslim scholars from
all over the world
• Mali falls into decline after
disputes over succession
arise in 1400s
http://cache.virtualtourist.com/1582406-Timbuktu_mosque-Mali.jpg
12. A NEW EMPIRE IN SONGHAI
1450 –
wealthy
trading city of
Gao emerged
as capital of
West African
kingdom of
Songhai
13. SONNI ALI
Soldier king who uses
his army to create the
largest state that had
ever existed
Brought trade routes
and wealthy cities (like
Timbuktu) under his
control
Chooses not to adopt
Islam and follows
traditional religious
beliefs instead
14. ASKI MUHAMMAD
Expanded the territory of Songhai
Improved government beauracracy
As a Muslim, he made his hajj and met with
different Islamic states along the way to increase
his ties to the Muslim world.
Built temples and schools to study the Quran
Scholars and poets flock to Gao
15. INVADERS FROM THE NORTH!
1586 – succession disputes (surprise, surprise)
lead to civil war
Ruler of Morocco uses an army armed with
gunpowder weapons to seize gold mines
Morocco is unable to control Songhai across the
Sahara, the kingdoms of West Africa end up
splintered and fragmented
1591 – Songhai Empire “falls”
16. PRACTICE
What would a good thesis be for:
Analyze the changes and continuities in Western
Africa from the rise of the kingdom of Ghana through
the fall of the Songhay.
17. THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
Which region is first to really sink their teeth into Africa?
Which country?
Portuguese establish forts and trading posts along the W
African coast through the late 1400’s
Trade includes
Ivory, pepper, animal skins and gold to Portuguese
Slaves from other sections of the coast to African rulers
Work to interconnect and make contacts, can be hit or miss for
the Portuguese
Missionary efforts to convert Benin, the Kongo, and other
African kingdoms
Reach Kongo (1484)
European missionaries very successful
Nzinga Mvemba (r.1507-1543) converts, entire kingdom becomes Christian
Portuguese attempt to Europeanize, but eventually the enslavement of his
subjects leads Nzinga Mvemba to try to end the slave trade and limit the
Portuguese
Only partly successful – Portuguese control the Kongo’s ability to
communicate and trade with the outside world
18. EXTENDING THEIR REACH
The Portuguese create
forts/posts at Mbundu,
Luanda, and establish the
colony of Angola
Round the cape and secure
bases in Kilwa, Mombasa,
and Sofala
Incentives? Commercial
and military (but usually
bring a strong missionary
contingent too)
What next? 17th century,
the Dutch, English, French
and others follow suit
19. Portuguese
movement Portuguese Expansion and Major African Kingdoms
down the
coast
becomes a
common
European
pattern
Trading
stations
Slave trade
becomes
central
21. South of the savanna
BENIN FOREST KINGDOM
1300s
“Oba” – king who serves
as a political and
religious leader; spreads
power among other
groups (Queen mother
and hereditary chiefs)
Benin bronzeworks –
depict warriors armed
for battle, queen
mother’s updo’s, and the
oba himself
In this 15th c. ivory mask,
the “figures on the top
represent the Portuguese
who had been slaving in
Africa since the mid 15th
century”
http://abolitionwya.org.uk
/further-info/africa
22. HOW THEY SAW EACH OTHER
Africans viewed Portuguese as strange but
incorporated them into their world
Portuguese saw Africans as savages who could be
civilized and converted
23. REFOCUS ON PORTUGAL
Between 1450-1460, the
number of slaves
entering Portugal per
year goes from 50-500
Catalyst in the
Americas?
sugarplantations begin
to develop
24. Trend Toward Expansion
1450-1850
12 million Africans sent across Atlantic
Estimated that by 1850
the population of west
10-11 million survive
and central was about
18th century half of what it would
Height of trade
have been without the
80 percent of total trade occurs during this time slave trade
Muslim areas (1850 pop = 25 million)
Trans-Saharan, Red Sea, East Africa
3 million slaves traded
Demographic Patterns
Saharan trade
Mostly women
Atlantic trade
Primarily young men for hard labor
25. Rates of trade reflect changing economic and political
situation in the New World
Slave trade with Muslim world continues
3 million transported between 1450 and 1750
Wars increase in Africa as both cause and effect of slave
trade
26. THE PROGRESSION OF THE ATLANTIC
SLAVE TRADE
Organization of the Trade Fewer than 10% of the
Portuguese dominate first, Europeans who were
until ~ 1630 stationed in Africa
Dutch seize El Mina, 1630 lived through the first
Begin
year
to rival Portuguese
English – found the Royal
African Company,
involved in slave trade from
1660s
French involved as well
28. DEMOGRAPHICS
Trade with Muslim world tended to focus on
women
Atlantic slave trade tended to focus on men
African population reduced by half of what it
would have been without slave trade by 1750
29. Both Africans and Europeans involved in slave trade
Not any more profitable than any other trade of its time
Part of Triangular trade
Drew African economy into world economy
Resulted in African economies becoming dependent on
trade with Europe
30. AFRICAN SOCIETIES,
SLAVERY, AND THE SLAVE
TRADE
Slavery had existed in Africa prior to the Atlantic
Slave Trade
Usually focused on enslavement of women
Islamic forms of slavery also introduced
Existence of slavery helped Europeans mobilize
commerce of slaves by tapping into existing
routes
31. SLAVING AND AFRICAN POLITICS
Most states in western and central Africa were
small and unstable
Increasing frequency of wars led to increasing
need for improved weaponry
Power shifted due to European coastal presence
Inland kingdoms gained power by gaining guns
and working as intermediaries to the Europeans
in the slave trade
32. ASANTE
Gained access to firearms in 1650 and began
expanding
Became the dominant power on the gold coast up
until 1820
33. DAHOMEY
Emerged as a power in the 1720
Used access to firearms to form an autocratic
state
Primary economic activity relied on the slave
trade
Growth of absolute rulers paralleled the rise of
absolutism in Europe
Like in Europe, attempts were made to limit
royal authority
34. STRING OF CITY-STATES
Commercial cities rise along S. African coast
Kilwa, Mogadishu, Mombassa, and Sofala
From ancient times to early modern times, a continual trade area
(Phoenicians, Greek, Roman, Indian)
Muslim traders set up posts in 600 and 700s
Kilwa – one of the most beautifully constructed towns in the world
Blend of cultures – China, India, Arab, Bantu, SE Asia, etc
Swahili – Bantu base, Arabic words, Arabic script
35. EAST AFRICA AND SUDAN
Swahili towns continue commerce in gold, ivory,
and slaves with Middle Eastern markets
Bantu speaking people dominated the region
18th century saw Islamization
36. By the 1840, new political units were created
Attempts were made to stamp out paganism and
illiteracy
Large numbers of captives from the religious wars were
shipped down the coast to Europeans
By the 19th century slaves made up to 50% op the
population of this region
38. SOUTH AFRICA
By 16th Century, Bantu-speakers occupy southern
East Africa
Chiefdoms varied in size and power
Expansion Competition and conflict
39. 1652- Dutch East India Company
establishes the Cape Colony
Dutch enslave local Africans
1760s Dutch cross Orange River
Dutch gov’t attempts to limit
settlement and slavery, but fails
Boers move north, “Great Trek” to
avoid gov’t regulations
40. Slave trade links Africa to World Economy
Slavery is grueling and deadly
Middle Passage: passage to Americas
Slaves worked in Plantations and Mines
Hierarchy created by Slave owners to prevent uprisings
People lose local African identity
Createnew family units
Growth of communities of runaway
slaves
41. MANY PEOPLES, MANY TRADITIONS
People and the Environment
Hunting and Food Gathering
Khoisan people of the Kalahari desert survive by
gathering roots and herbs, hunt small game
Herding and Fishing
Raise herds of cattle in areas not plagued by the teste
fly
Nomadic b/c resources are limited
Settled Farming Societies
Grow grains and root crops (yams) and tree crops
(bananas)
Slash-and-burn agriculture – clear forest and brush
with iron axes and hoes, burned remains and use ash
as fertilizer
42. FAMILY PATTERNS
Nuclear Family – whole family works
together as a unit
Lines of Descent
Matrilineal
Patrilineal
Wider Ties
Lineage – several families share a common
ancestor
Trace back to clans
43. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Local polytheistic beliefs, based on natural
deities
Usually have one god or goddess who has elevated
status
Christianity
Islam
44. ARTISTIC AND LITERACY
TRADITIONS
Arts – ivory, wood, bronze
Wove dyed cloth
Inscribed bowls
Bracelets and neck ornaments for beauty
Very symbolic, often tied to religious
ceremonies
Literature
Oral and written literature
Griots – professional poets who recite ancient
stories
45. WHERE THE AFRICANS ARE
ENSLAVED
1530 – 1650 Spanish America and Brazil –
majority of slaves
Spanish America and Brazil
English and French
Grow sugar, Caribbean, Jamaica, Barbados,
1550 – 1850
Brazil 3.5-5 million
The Caribbean islands and sugar
Virginia and the Carolinas in N. Am
*Muslim traders – 3 million from trans-Sahara,
Red Sea, and E African slave trade