Using Time Use Data To Trace 'Energy Practices' Through Time

@DEMAND_CENTRE
@dataknut: ‘Energy Practices’ Through Time Energy Cultures 2016, Wellington, NZ, 6/7/2016
Ben Anderson @dataknut
Energy & Climate Change
Faculty of Engineering & Environment
University of Southampton, UK
'Energy Practices’ Through Time
Using Time Use Data

@DEMAND_CENTRE
1. Conceptions of DEMAND
2. Researching DEMAND using time use data
3. Activity classes: overall trends
4. Selected Activities: detailed trends
5. Concluding thoughts
Today’s menu

@DEMAND_CENTRE
Conceptions of DEMAND
Demanding
Practices
Variati
on
Normality
& Need
?
Infrastruct
ures

@DEMAND_CENTRE
The timing of practices matter…
% respondents reporting activity per half hour in winter
(November 2000 - February 2001, 1031 households)
Source: Author’s calculations using UK Time Use Survey 2000/1
[http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=4504], weighted)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
%respondents
Wash/dress self Cooking Dish washing Cleaning Laundry
Ironing Computer Reading TV Audio
Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevendepolo/3761877701
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/R
ush_Hour_on_London_Bridge.jpg
"Drip Coffee Bangkok" by Takeaway - Own work. Licensed under CC
BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drip_Coffee_Bangkok.jp
g
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Laundry_room
_%28tv%C3%A4ttstuga%29.JPG
UK Housing Energy Fact File
Graph 7a: HES average 24-hour electricity use profile for owner-occupied
homes, England 2010-11
Gas consumption
The amount of gas consumed in the UK varies dramatically between
households. The top 10% of households consume at least four times as
much gas as the bottom 10%.
60
Modelling to predict households’ en ergy
consumption – based on the property, household income and tenure – has
so far been able to explain less than 40% of this variation.
Gas use varies enormously from
household to household, and the
variation has more to do with
behaviour than how dwellings are
built.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Heating
Water heating
Electric showers
Washing/drying
Cooking
Lighting
Cold appliances
ICT
Audiovisual
Other
Unknown
Watts

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What’s a time use survey?
BBC 1961
ONS 2005

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‘Episodes’ data availability
Multinational Time
Use Study
www.timeuse.org/m
tus
Gershuny, Jonathan, Kimberly Fisher, Evrim Altintas, Alyssa Borkosky, Donna Dosman, Cara Fedick, Tyler Frederick, et al. 2012. ‘Multinational Time Use Study, Versions World 5.5.3,
5.80 and 6.0 (released October 2012)’. Oxford.
http://www.eijtur.org/pdf/volumes/eIJTUR-10-1-6_Time_Pieces.pdf#page=90
Year survey began
(survey id)
Australia
Austria
France
Germany
Israel
Italy
Netherland
s
South
Africa
Spain
United
Kingdom
USA
No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.
1965 221
1974 1491 14898
1975 81 788
1980 16667
1983 945
1985 2776 2921
1987 1533
1989 29973
1990 2299
1991 22554 4223
1992 2236 494 7514
1994 1199
1995 2692 1962
1997 4931
1998 14631 2351
2000 11851 1142 17248
2002 47381
2003 1361
2005 13265 4854
2008 6272
2009 17859

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‘1985’
Availability
UK 2014-15 available soon!

@DEMAND_CENTRE
And what do they tell us?
Duration & sequences
Clusters & co-presence
Anderson, B (2016) DEMANDing Times, Paper prepared for DEMAND Centre Conference, Lancaster, 13-15 April 2016
Table 2: Example time-use data (MTUS, 1974 and 2000 samples)
1974
ID Date Day of week Episode start Episode end Main Secondary Location Mode of travel Child present Partner present
1 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 04:00 05:30 sleep and naps no recorded act at own home not travelling could not be coded could not be coded
2 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 05:30 06:00 wash, dress no recorded act at own home not travelling could not be coded could not be coded
3 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 06:00 06:30 wash, dress listen to radio at own home not travelling could not be coded could not be coded
4 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 06:30 07:00 meals or drinks listen to radio at own home not travelling could not be coded could not be coded
5 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 07:00 07:30 travel to work no recorded act travelling other/unknown could not be coded could not be coded
6 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 07:30 10:00 paid work no recorded act at workplace not travelling could not be coded could not be coded
7 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 10:00 10:30 meals at work no recorded act at workplace not travelling could not be coded could not be coded
9 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 13:30 14:00 meals at work no recorded act at workplace not travelling could not be coded could not be coded
2005
ID Date Day of week Episode start Episode end Main Secondary Location Mode of travel Child present Partner present
1 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 04:00 08:00 sleep and naps no recorded act at own home not travelling no no
2 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 08:00 08:20 wash, dress no recorded act at own home not travelling no yes
3 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 08:20 08:30 pet care no recorded act at own home not travelling no yes
4 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 08:30 08:40 food prep conversation at own home not travelling no yes
5 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 08:40 09:10 food prep no recorded act at own home not travelling no yes
6 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 09:10 09:20 meals or drinking conversation at own home not travelling no yes
7 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 09:20 09:50 meals or drinking no recorded act at own home not travelling no yes
8 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 09:50 10:00 Set/clear table no recorded act at own home not travelling no yes
9 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 10:00 10:20 Voluntary no recorded act travelling walk / other no yes
10 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 10:20 11:20 Worship no recorded act at place of worship not travelling no yes

@DEMAND_CENTRE
But we have to be careful…
1974
1983/7
1995
2001
2005
CodeHarmonisation
MTUS:
69
‘harmonised’
activity codes
1974:
73 codes
‘1985’:
188 codes
1995:
190 codes
2001:
265 codes
2005:
30 codes

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But we have to be careful…
CodeHarmonisation

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But we have to be careful II
• 30 minutes
1974
• 15 minutes
1983/7
• 15 minutes
1995
• 10 minutes
2001
• 10 minutes
2005
TimeHarmonisation
“Recorded at
least once in
a half hour”
DEMAND
Time:

@DEMAND_CENTRE
10 Activity ‘classes’
1. Travel
2. Media use
3. Sport/exercise
4. Voluntary, civic or leisure
5. Shopping/service use
6. Education related
7. Work related
8. Cooking & eating
9. Personal, child or adult care,
domestic work
10. Sleep% of respondents – 1974
Source: MTUS 1974, author’s calculations,
weighted

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What’s changed?
% of respondents – 1974
% of respondents – ‘1985’
Source: MTUS 1974-2005, author’s
calculations, primary activities, weighted

@DEMAND_CENTRE
% point change 1974 – 2005 - primary
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15 0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
%pointchange1974-2005
Travel
Media use incl. TV, radio, PC, internet
Voluntary, civic, watching sport, leisure
or social activities
Shopping/service use
Work or work related
Cooking or eating
calculations, primary activities, weighted

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0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
0:00
1:30
3:00
4:30
6:00
7:30
9:00
10:30
12:00
13:30
15:00
16:30
18:00
19:30
21:00
22:30
2005
2000
1995
1985
1974
In detail: Food preparation
calculations, weighted
As a primary or
secondary activity
As a % of all acts

@DEMAND_CENTRE
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
0:00
1:30
3:00
4:30
6:00
7:30
9:00
10:30
12:00
13:30
15:00
16:30
18:00
19:30
21:00
22:30
2005
2000
1995
1985
1974
In detail: Food preparation
As a primary or
secondary activity
As a % of food prep
-0.6%
-0.4%
-0.2%
0.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
Weekdays (average) Saturday Sunday
% point change
1974 - 2005

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In detail: Sunday lunchtime food preparation
Page 10 of 17
(MTUS 1974-2005, weighted)
Further analysis focusing on ‘Sunday lunch’ (food preparation 11:00 – 14:00 on a Sunday) suggests
that preparing ‘Sunday lunch’ has declined for most age groups and especially for those aged under
64 (Figure 4). Preparing Sunday lunch has also markedly declined for the middle and highest income
groups but less so for the lowest income group who are also more likely to be over retirement age.
This does not imply, of course, that less eating is done on Sunday – just that some of it, particularly
for higher income groups, may now be done outside the home or later in the day (c.f. Figure 3 and
also (Cheng et al. 2007)).
Figure 4: Mean number of half hours in which ‘food preparation’ at home on Sunday 11:00-14:00 was
reported in each survey by age group (left) and income group (right) (MTUS 1974-2005, weighted, error
bars are +/- 95% confidence interval for the 45-54 age group or the middle income group only)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
1974 1985 1995 2000 2005
16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54
55-64 65-74 75+
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
1974 1985 1995 2000 2005
lowest 25% middle 50%
highest 25%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
1974 1985 1995 2000 2005
lowest 25% middle 50%
highest 25%

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-0.6%
-0.4%
-0.2%
0.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.6% 0:00
1:30
3:00
4:30
6:00
7:30
9:00
10:30
12:00
13:30
15:00
16:30
18:00
19:30
21:00
22:30
%ofhalfhoursinwhichrecorded
Weekday Saturday Sunday
In detail: domestic laundry
% point change laundry 1985 – 2005 in relative
distribution within year
Source: MTUS 1985-2005, author’s calculations, weighted
1985:
• 98% of recorded laundry =
women
• 24% of women < 60 in full
time paid work
% point change 1985- 2005
% half hours where laundry reported by income group 1985-
2005
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1985 1995 2000 2005
lowest 25% middle 50% highest 25%
2005:
• 87% of recorded laundry =
women
• 41% of women < 60 in full time
paid work

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In detail: Car use
Comparing time of
car travel within the
year 1985-2005
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
%ofrecordedcartravel
1985 2000 2005
Car use in 1974 = to/from work/school only
-0.3%
-0.2%
-0.2%
-0.1%
-0.1%
0.0%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
Saturday Sunday Weekdays (average)

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Car trips ending at
home in 2005
Insight: When might people charge EVs?
Source: MTUS 2005, author’s calculations,
weighted
0.00%
0.20%
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
1.00%
1.20%
1.40%
1.60%
%ofhalfhourswherecartrip
endsathome
Sunday Weekdays (average) Saturday

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Key messages I: Dynamism
How do we ‘meet’
DEMAND?
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0:00
1:30
3:00
4:30
6:00
7:30
9:00
10:30
12:00
13:30
15:00
16:30
18:00
19:30
21:00
22:30
%pointchange1974-2005
Travel
Media use incl. TV, radio, PC, internet
Sport or exercise
Voluntary, civic, watching sport, leisure
or social activities
Shopping/service use
Education or related
Work or work related
Cooking or eating
When it keeps
changing?

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Key messages II: Constrained evolution
Practices
Infrastruct
ures
Social
trends
Evolving demand
Non-energy energy policy
Labour market policies
Working hours
School hours
(Sub)Urban planning
Transport options

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1
To be filled in from 4am on day one, which is
Day Date
all through day two, which is
Day Date
until 4am on day three, which is
Time Use Survey Diary
Thank you
@dataknut
b.anderson@soton.ac.uk
www.demand.ac.uk
2017 – 2019: Centre for Sustainability, University
of Otago (EU Global Fellowship)
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Using Time Use Data To Trace 'Energy Practices' Through Time

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