FDI in Multi-brand Retail (Issues and Challenges)

The commitment of money or
capital to purchase financial
instruments or assets in order to
gain profitable returns.

FDI in Multibrand retail

Refers to the physical Investment made by a foreign investor
belonging to a certain country into a sector of foreign nation.
It is the transfer of foreign assets into a country’s financial
account. This can be done in four ways :
1. By acquisitions and mergers
2. By incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary
3. By being part of a joint venture and
4. By acquiring at least 10% share in the domestic company

If the share acquisition is less than 10% then it wouldn’t be
called FDI then it would be known as PORTFOLIO
INVESTMENT.


Foreign
Investment done by citizens and Investment
government of one country through
(home country) invest in
industries of another country
(host country).

Foreign Foreign
Direct Institutional
Investments Investors


RETAILING
In 2004, The High Court of Delhi defined the term ‘retail’ as a sale
for final consumption in contrast to a sale for further sale or processing
(i.e. wholesale). A sale to the ultimate consumer.

It is the interface between the producer and the individual consumer
buying for personal consumption.

 This excludes direct interface between the manufacturer and
institutional buyers such as the government and other bulk customers.
Retailing is the last link that
connects the individual
consumer with the
manufacturing and distribution
chain.


Front End
Front End
Operations
Back End Operations
Operations

Store Logistics & Procurement Corporate
Merchandising Marketing
Operations Distributions / Purchase Services


RETAIL SECTOR


FDI Policy In Indian Retail Sector

Single Brand Retail
Trading 100%

Multi-Brand Retail
Trading 51%


FDI Policy Initiatives
1991: Up to 51% FDI allowed in priority sectors.
1997: 100% FDI allowed in cash & carry wholesale trading.
2003: Germany's Metro becomes the first foreign company to set up cash & carry
wholesale store in Bangalore.
2006: 51% FDI allowed in single brand retail, cash & carry wholesale trading
approvals eased.
2007: Wal-Mart announces agreement with Bharti Enterprise to set up wholesale
Joint Ventures.
2008: Tesco enters into an exclusive franchise agreement with Trent, retail arm
of the Tata group.
2009: Bharti-Walmart opens its first cash & carry wholesale store in Amritsar.
July 2010: Discussion paper on FDI in Multibrand retail trading published, evokes
mixed response. FDI in Multibrand retail

December 2010: Carrefour opens its cash & carry wholesale store in Delhi.
November 2011: India's central government announced retail reforms for both
multi-brand stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms
paved the way for retail innovation and competition with multi-
brand retailers such as Wal-Mart, Tesco as well single brand
majors such as Nike, and Apple.
December 2011: Under pressure from the opposition, Indian government placed
the retail reforms on hold till it reaches a consensus.
January 2012: India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone
in the world to innovate in Indian retail market with 100%
ownership, but imposed the requirement that the single brand
retailer source 30 percent of its goods from India.


FDI POLICY- OVER THE YEARS


The marketing of two or more similar and competing products, by
the same firm under different and unrelated brands. While these
brands eat into each others' sales, multi-brand strategy does have
some advantages as a means of

1. Obtaining greater shelf space and leaving little for competitors'
products.

2. Saturating a market by filling all price and quality gaps.

3. Catering to brand-switchers users who like to experiment with
different brands.

4. Keeping the firm's managers on their toes by generating internal
competition.


In-principle approval granted for increase in FDI in single brand
retail from 51% to 100% under the approval route. This is subject to,
inter alia, the following conditions:
1. Products to be sold under the same brand internationally.
2. Foreign investor must be the owner of the brand.
3. Single brand retail would cover only products branded during
manufacture.
4. For FDI above 51%, 30% sourcing must be from SMEs.


In–principle approval has been granted for FDI in multi-brand retail up to
51% under the approval route. This is subject to, inter alia, the following
conditions:
1. Minimum amount to be brought in by the foreign investor to be USD 100
million.
2. At least 50% of the total FDI must be invested in back-end infrastructure
(includes capital expenditure on all activities, excluding front-end units.
Excludes expenditure on land cost and rentals).
3. 30% procurement of manufactured/ processed products must be from
SMEs.
4.Government to have first right on procurement of agricultural products.


 It means that global retailers such as Wal-
Mart, Carrefour, Tesco and others can set up
mega deep-discount stores in the country
through joint ventures with Indian firms,
where the foreign partner can hold up 51%
equity.

 The issue arises that Wal-Mart, Carrefour
and Metro already have stores in India but
these are wholesale cash-and-carry stores
where only institutions or Kirana shops can
buy — not consumers.


WHY INDIA ????
1. We are the second highest producer of fruits and vegetables in the
world but still we are not able to utilize it properly because of
inadequate infrastructure facilities.
2. It will reduce pre-harvest wastage/losses and thus help control food
inflation.
3. It will create 1.5 million more jobs in 5 years. Apart from the huge
number of indirect employment.
4. It will increase competition which is always beneficial for the
customer.
5. It will remove the middleman from the equation. It will reduce costs
which in turn will reduce prices.


PROPOSAL AS FINALISED
BY GOVERNMENT
A decision has been taken by the Government to permit FDI in all products, in a
calibrated manner, subject to the following conditions:

• FDI in Multi Brand Retail Trade (MBRT) may be permitted up to 51%, with
Government approval.

• Fresh agricultural produce, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, grains, pulses, fresh
poultry, fishery and meat products, may be unbranded.

• Minimum amount to be brought in, as FDI, by the foreign investor, would be
US $ 100 million.


• At least 50% of total FDI brought in shall be invested in 'back-end
infrastructure’.

• At least 30% of the procurement of manufactured/ processed products shall
be sourced from Indian 'small industries' which have a total investment in
plant & machinery not exceeding US $ 1.00 million. This valuation refers to the
value at the time of installation, without providing for depreciation.

• Retail sales locations may be set up only in cities with a population of more
than 10 lakh as per 2011 Census and may also cover an area of 10 kms around
the municipal/urban agglomeration limits of such cities.

• Government will have the first right to procurement of agricultural products.


• Indian retail sector :
 Employs 8% (35 million) of the working population.
 Could yield 12 to 15 million retail jobs in the coming
five years.
• Out of which organized segment is about 0.3 million.

• Retail sector grew at 9.4% on real terms & 15.4% on
nominal terms.


• FDI in Multi-Brand retailing is prohibited in India. FDI in Single-Brand
Retailing was, however, permitted in 2006, to the extent of 51%. Since
then, a total of 94 proposals have been received till May, 2010.

• FDI in cash and carry wholesale trading was first permitted, to the extent
of 100%, under the Government approval route, in 1997.

• Trade is an important segment in India's Gross Domestic Product
(GDP).As per the National Accounts, released by the Central Statistical
Organization (CSO), GDP from trade (inclusive of wholesale and retail in
organized and unorganized sector), at current prices, increased from Rs
4,33,963 crore in 2004-05 to Rs 7,91,470 crore, at an average annual rate
of 16.2 per cent.


• As per the National accounts, private final consumption expenditure,
increased from Rs 19,26,858 crore in 2004-05 to Rs 32,26,826 crore in
2008-09, at an average rate of 13.8 per cent per annum However,
expenditure on some items like transport and communication; expenditure
on food in hotels and restaurants; expenditure on rent, fuel and power; and
expenditure on education and recreation are distinct from trade.

• When seen at constant 2004-05 prices, however, private final consumption
expenditure increased from Rs 19,26,858 crore in 2004-05 to Rs 26,51,786
crore at an average rate of 8.3 per annum.

• Private consumption expenditure adjusted for items like transport and
communication etc. increased from Rs 11,92,045 crore in 2004-05 to Rs
16,67,286 crore in 2008-09, at an average rate of 8.8 per cent.


ISSUE 1 : FDI will provide employment-A MYTH1
 FDI in multi-brand retail will lead to a mass scale loss and displacement
of retail jobs. As per NSSO 64th Round 2007-08, retail trade
employed 7.2% of total workers and provided job to 33.1 million. FDI in
retail, definitely, will challenge the 12 million existing shops and 33.1
million employers.

 The Commerce Minister says 40 lakh people will be directly employed.
WalMart has 21 lakh employees worldwide. Their largest store has 214
employees. At this rate they have to open 18,000 stores in India. For Tesco
or Carrefour, it is lesser; so there are 36,000 stores that need to be opened in
53 cities - that is 600 stores per city.

Wal-Mart has not been allowed to open a store in Manhattan. Even the
New Yorkers realise that this would lead to closure of stores in Manhattan.

The entry of the trading giant, Wal-Mart, led to the closure of 40,000 US
factories between 2001 and 2007, resulting in throwing millions of people
out of their jobs. FDI in Multibrand retail

ISSUE 2: Condition of Farmers will get worsened
Multi Brand Retailers pay farmers and employees less.

They never reduce their profits. (EU parliament)

Instances about the potato farmers who are forced to
throw their potatoes by McDonald’s which imports its own
potatoes.

MBRs – Benefit Accrue large retailers who drive down
the prices.(Chairman of AMUL)

“Yeh sarkar vikaas ki seedhi nahi, vinaash kar
gaddha hai.” – Sushma Swaraj


ISSUE 3: Emergence Of Foreign Middlemen
 There are instances where there are no middlemen in India.
For example, in the sugar sector, the sugarcane farmers are
contracted by sugar mills to sell their produce directly to the
mills.

When FDI comes in India, MBR will act as new middlemen.
To say that middlemen will no longer exist is totally wrong.

There may be many faults in our rural market (aarat) system
that need fixing. But there is a bond of trust between the farmer
and the traders in the market and that cannot be denied.

The traders (middlemen)are the farmer's traditional ATM.


ISSUE 4: FDI in retail - devil lies in the detail

 No to front-end stores but welcome the foreign retail chains to
open factories and warehouses.

MBR’s business will be confined to state allowing FDI only,
self contradicting.

50% of FDI must find its way into back-end operations
anywhere in India.

Parking and Connectivity – different kettle of fish.

Inverting Natural Sequence


ISSUE 5: The dubious benefits of FDI in retail
Wal-Mart faced allegations of bribery that helped it set up stores much
ahead of its competitors within Mexico. This resulted in violation of
Mexican law and the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.

The bargaining power of the global trading giant with the Governments
is so high that it eventually puts pressure on State finances, through tax-
breaks, effective outsourcing models to kill production jobs.

The savings due to shopping at Wal-Mart cannot compensate for the
loss of job opportunities and income.

Foreign investment, in the last two decades, has contributed less than 5
per cent to the economy, while the real wealth creation has come from
the household sector, which includes proprietary and partnership firms.


ISSUE 6: 100% FDI in Cold Storage- A Dream
Wastage
Wastage as per 2010, 25-30% in fruits and vegetables and 5-7% in
food grains.

 80 million toons of fruits and vegetables go to waste due to lack of
cold storages.

ISSUE 7: FDI- 21st East India Company

Remember East India Company. It entered India as a trader and then
took over politically.


ISSUE 8: FDI, a welcome to Chinese Market

 Sooner or later, Giant retailers will import from CHINA to lower down
the cost of products.

According to the US Census, between 1992 and 2007, the imports from
China to US tripled in value from $9 billion to $27 billion! According to
the US Census.


In Retail, over 70 per cent of the labor force in both sectors combined
(organized and unorganized) is either illiterate or educated below the
primary level.
COMPETITION
A strong competition from mom and pop shops:-
Easily accessible & approachable.
Provide services like Free home delivery and goods on credit.
They change consumer focus.
MARKET POWER
Potential of Indian Market is
US$ 200 billion whereas
India is just earning its 3%.


• TAXATION & STRINGENT APPROVALS
•Taxation laws in India favors only small retail businesses.
•Implementation of non-uniform VAT across states.
•Octroi and entry tax in some states.

•INFLATION EFFECT ON INDIAN RETAIL INDUSTRY
Challenge to get
Disturbed Liquidity
more customers
economic status. pressure
at low cost.

1. OPPORTUNITIES GALORE.
2. BENEFITS FOR FARMERS.
3. IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY AND LOGISTICS.
4. IMPACT ON REAL-ESTATE DEVLOPMENT.


1. Domestic companies may lose their ownership to overseas
companies.
2. Small enterprise may not compete with the foreign players
and may ultimately be edged out of business.
3. Large giants of the world may monopolies the highly
profitable sector.


In the final analysis, for India, FDI in multi-brand retail should be
seriously considered by the government and, as with many other
sensitive sectors (like defense), a gradual opening up could be made
possible. Despite country wide speculation on the plight of small
retailers, India needs to take a lesson from China where organized and
unorganized retail seem to co-exist and grow together.

In our view, the government has an opportunity to utilize the
liberalization for achieving certain of its own targets: improve its
infrastructure; access sophisticated technologies; generate employment
for those keen to work in this sector FDI would lead to a more
comprehensive integration of India into the worldwide market and, as
such, it is imperative for the government to promote this sector for the
overall economic development and social welfare of the country. If done
in the right manner, it can prove to be a boon and not a curse.


FDI in Multi-brand Retail (Issues and Challenges)

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