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Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1 Chapter 4: Network Access Introduction to Networks
2.
Presentation_ID 2© 2008
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Presentation_ID 4© 2008
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Presentation_ID 5© 2008
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Presentation_ID 6© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Getting it Connected Network Interface Cards Connecting to the Wireless LAN with a Range Extender
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Presentation_ID 7© 2008
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8.
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Presentation_ID 9© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Purpose of the Physical Layer Physical Layer Standards Standard organization Networking Standards ISO • ISO 8877: Officially adopted the RJ connectors (e.g., RJ-11, RJ-45) • ISO 11801: Network cabling standard similar to EIA/TIA 568. EIA/TIA • TIA-568-C: Telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all voice, video and data networks. • TIA-569-B: Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces • TIA-598-C: Fiber optic color coding • TIA-942: Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers ANSI • 568-C: RJ-45 pinouts. Co-developed with EIA/TIA ITU-T • G.992: ADSL IEEE • 802.3: Ethernet • 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) • 802.15: Bluetooth
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Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fundamental Principles of Layer 1 Physical Layer Fundamental Principles Media Physical Components Frame Encoding Technique Signalling Method Copper cable • UTP • Coaxial • Connectors • NICs • Ports • Interfaces • Manchester Encoding • Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) techniques • 4B/5B codes are used with Multi-Level Transition Level 3 (MLT-3) signaling • 8B/10B • PAM5 • Changes in the electromagnetic field • Intensity of the electromagnetic field • Phase of the electromagnetic wave Fiber Optic cable • Single-mode Fiber • Multimode Fiber • Connectors • NICs • Interfaces • Lasers and LEDs • Photoreceptors • Pulses of light • Wavelength multiplexing using different colors • A pulse equals 1. • No pulse is 0. Wireless media • Access Points • NICs • Radio • Antennae • DSSS (direct-sequence spread- spectrum) • OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) • Radio waves
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Presentation_ID 11© 2008
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Presentation_ID 12© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fundamental Principles of Layer 1 Throughput
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Presentation_ID 13© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fundamental Principles of Layer 1 Types of Physical Media
14.
Presentation_ID 14© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Media Copper Cabling
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Presentation_ID 15© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Copper Cabling Characteristics of Copper Media
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Presentation_ID 16© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Copper Cabling Copper Media Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cableUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable Coaxial cable
17.
Presentation_ID 17© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Copper Cabling Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable
18.
Presentation_ID 18© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Copper Cabling Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable Foil Shields Braided or Foil Shield
19.
Presentation_ID 19© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Copper Cabling Coaxial Cable
20.
Presentation_ID 20© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Copper Cabling Cooper Media Safety
21.
Presentation_ID 21© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential UTP Cabling Properties of UTP Cabling
22.
Presentation_ID 22© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential UTP Cabling UTP Cabling Standards
23.
Presentation_ID 23© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential UTP Cabling UTP Connectors
24.
Presentation_ID 24© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential UTP Cabling Types of UTP Cable
25.
Presentation_ID 25© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential UTP Cabling Testing UTP Cables
26.
Presentation_ID 26© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential UTP Cabling Testing UTP Cables
27.
Presentation_ID 27© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fiber Optic Cabling Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling
28.
Presentation_ID 28© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fiber Optic Cabling Fiber Media Cable Design
29.
Presentation_ID 29© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fiber Optic Cabling Types of Fiber Media
30.
Presentation_ID 30© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fiber Optic Cabling Network Fiber Connectors
31.
Presentation_ID 31© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fiber Optic Cabling Testing Fiber Cables
32.
Presentation_ID 32© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fiber Optic Cabling Fiber versus Copper Implementation issues Copper media Fibre-optic Bandwidth supported 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps 10 Mbps – 100 Gbps Distance Relatively short (1 – 100 meters) Relatively High (1 – 100,000 meters) Immunity to EMI and RFI Low High (Completely immune) Immunity to electrical hazards Low High (Completely immune) Media and connector costs Lowest Highest Installation skills required Lowest Highest Safety precautions Lowest Highest
33.
Presentation_ID 33© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Wireless Media Properties of Wireless Media
34.
Presentation_ID 34© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential • IEEE 802.11 standards • Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi. • Uses CSMA/CA • Variations include: • 802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz • 802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz • 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz • 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz • 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz • 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz • IEEE 802.15 standard • Supports speeds up to 3 Mbps • Provides device pairing over distances from 1 to 100 meters. • IEEE 802.16 standard • Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps • Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide wireless broadband access. Wireless Media Types of Wireless Media
35.
Presentation_ID 35© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Wireless Media Wireless LAN Cisco Linksys EA6500 802.11ac wireless router
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Presentation_ID 36© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Wireless Media 802.11 Wi-Fi Standards Standard Maximum Speed Frequency Backwards compatible 802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz No 802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz No 802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11b 802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 802.11b/g 802.11ac 1.3 Gbps (1300 Mbps) 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz 802.11b/g/n 802.11ad 7 Gbps (7000 Mbps) 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac
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Presentation_ID 37© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Purpose of the Data Link Layer The Data Link Layer
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Presentation_ID 38© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Purpose of the Data Link Layer Data Link Sublayers Network Data Link LLC Sublayer MAC Sublayer Physical 802.3 Ethernet 802.11 Wi-Fi 802.15 Bluetooth
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Presentation_ID 39© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Purpose of the Data Link Layer Media Access Control
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Presentation_ID 40© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Purpose of the Data Link Layer Providing Access to Media
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Presentation_ID 41© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Layer Layer 2 Frame Structure
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Presentation_ID 42© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Layer 2 Frame Structure Creating a Frame
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Presentation_ID 43© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Layer Layer 2 Standards
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Presentation_ID 44© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Layer 2 Standards Data Link Layer Standards Standard organization Networking Standards IEEE • 802.2: Logical Link Control (LLC) • 802.3: Ethernet • 802.4: Token bus • 802.5: Token passing • 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) • 802.15: Bluetooth • 802.16: WiMax ITU-T • G.992: ADSL • G.8100 - G.8199: MPLS over Transport aspects • Q.921: ISDN • Q.922: Frame Relay ISO • HDLC (High Level Data Link Control) • ISO 9314: FDDI Media Access Control (MAC) ANSI • X3T9.5 and X3T12: Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
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Presentation_ID 45© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Topologies Controlling Access to the Media
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Presentation_ID 46© 2008
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Presentation_ID 47© 2008
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Presentation_ID 48© 2008
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Presentation_ID 49© 2008
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Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential WAN Topologies Half and Full Duplex
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Presentation_ID 51© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential LAN Topologies Physical LAN Topologies
52.
Presentation_ID 52© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential LAN Topologies Logical Topology for Shared Media
53.
Presentation_ID 53© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential LAN Topologies Contention-Based Access Characteristics Contention-Based Technologies • Stations can transmit at any time • Collision exist • There are mechanisms to resolve contention for the media • CSMA/CD for 802.3 Ethernet networks • CSMA/CA for 802.11 wireless networks
54.
Presentation_ID 54© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential LAN Topologies Multi-Access Topology
55.
Presentation_ID 55© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential LAN Topologies Controlled Access Characteristics Controlled Access Technologies • Only one station can transmit at a time • Devices wishing to transmit must wait their turn • No collisions • May use a token passing method • Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) • Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
56.
Presentation_ID 56© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential LAN Topologies Ring Topology
57.
Presentation_ID 57© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Frame The Frame
58.
Presentation_ID 58© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Frame The Header
59.
Presentation_ID 59© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Frame Layer 2 Address
60.
Presentation_ID 60© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Frame The Trailer
61.
Presentation_ID 61© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Frame LAN and WAN Frames
62.
Presentation_ID 62© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Frame Ethernet Frame
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Presentation_ID 63© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Frame Point-to-Point Protocol Frame
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Presentation_ID 64© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Data Link Frame 802.11 Wireless Frame
65.
Presentation_ID 65© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Access Summary • Physical Layer Protocols • Network Media • Data Link Layer Protocols • Media Access Control
66.
Presentation_ID 66© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential