5. Research Problem
• Male College students are SIGNIFICANTLY
less likely to attend counseling than
females.
• Recent research suggests that being
male / possessing masculine traits is
related to health concerns,
psychological disorders, related distress
(Good, Sherrod, & Dillon, 2000: Hayes &
Mahalik, 2000; Sabo, 2000; as quoted in
Rochlen, 2005).
6. Research Problem
• Masculinity related constructs associated
with clinically relevant problems and
reluctance to seek therapy (Good,
Thompson, & Braithwhite, 2005).
• Men’s underutilization of counseling in
comparison to women is a consistent
finding in help-seeking literature (Addis &
Mahalik, 2003); empirical data is needed
to determine ways of improving men's
willingness to seek help (Rochlen, 2005)
7. WHY?
are men not seeking counseling on college campuses?
This is what we hope to discover.
8. Model Development
• Unique challenges when working with men,
especially incongruence between culture of
therapy and culture (rules) of masculinity
(Rochlen, 2005).
• Men's socialization described as promoting
avoidance of emotional expression, absence
of vulnerabilities, need to solve problems
without the help of others (Addis & Mahalik,
2003; Good & Englar-Carlson, 2003, as quoted
in Rochlen, 2005).
9. •Strength of therapeutic alliance is single best predictor of therapeutic outcome
(Messer & Wampold, 2002).
•Masculinity can be considered a multicultural competency (Liu, 2005).
•Professional-staff ethnicity is positively correlated with likelihood of similar-ethnicity
students seeking counseling on college campuses, suggesting that increasing the #
of therapssts of color on counseling center staff will increase utilization by ethnically-
similar students (Hayes, Youn, Castonguay, Locke, McAleavey, & Nordberg, 2011).
•Perhaps the same principle might apply to another form of cultural identity;
masculinity.
SO:
10. Hypothesis:
=
Increased
Increased #’s
male college
of male
student help
counselors
seeking
13. Design
• Retrospective design, Convenience
sample.
• Data from the last 4 years at 1 liberal
arts college in the mid-west.
• # + % of clients + gender breakdown.
• Gender breakdown of Counselors.
• Chi-Square to detect significant diff. of
male utilization dependent on % of
male counselors.
14. Design
• Why Chi-Square?
• Chi-square helps us when comparing
frequency data.
• Applies to data that has been categorized
into a small number of groups (in our case,
gender).
15. 2008 • %2.3 Male Clients
• %20 Male Counselors
2009 • %2.3 Male Clients
• %0 Male Counselors
2010 • %2.5 Male Clients
• %20 Male Counselors
2011 • %1.7 Male Clients
• %40 Male Counselors
%’s of male clients based on total school population.
16. Results!
The analysis showed that 9 cells had an expected count
of less than 5, so an exact significance test was selected
for Pearson’s Chi-Square. Results indicated that male
college student utilization rates are not associated with %
of male counselors at center, 2(4, N = 8) = 10 p=.062.
•
In English: Chi Square indicated NO significant correlation
between % males utilizing counseling center and # of
male counselors.
17. Table
percentmaleclients * percentmalecounselors Crosstabulation
Count
percentmalecounselors
.00 20.00 40.00 Total
percentmaleclients 1.70 0 0 2 2
2.30 2 2 0 4
2.50 0 2 0 2
Total 2 4 2 8
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-
Value df sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided) Point Probability
Pearson Chi-Square 10.000a 4 .040 .062
Likelihood Ratio 11.090 4 .026 .086
Fisher's Exact Test 6.691 .086
Linear-by-Linear Association 3.500b 1 .061 .071 .036 .014
N of Valid Cases 8
a. 9 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .50.
b. The standardized statistic is -1.871.
18. • % of male counselors who were
interns.
• Small sample sizes of clients +
limitations
counselors.
• One specific college with a
unique culture; not representative
• Does fact that there is a mens-
oriented process / development
group impact results?
19. • Utilize massive data-set
from Center for Collegiate
Future directions
Mental Health.
• Perform MANCOVA to
determine representative
utilization rates + factors
contributing to utilization
by college men.
– including gender %’s of staff.
20. References:
• Addis, M.E., & Mahalik, J.R. (2003). Men, Masculinity, and the
contexts of help-seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5-14
• Good, G., Thompson, D., & Brathwaite, A. (2005). Men and
Therapy: Critical Concepts, Theoretical Frameworks, and
Research Recommendations. Journal of Clinical Psychology,
vol 61(6), 699-711
• Hayes, J., Youn, S., Castonguay, L., Locke, B., McAleavey, A, &
Nordberg, S. (2011). Rates and Predictors of Counseling Center
Use Among College Students of Color. Journal of College
Counseling, Vol 14(2), 105-116.
• Liu, W. (2005). The Study of Men and Masculinity as an
Important Multicultural Competency Consideration. Journal of
Clinical Psychology, vol 61(6),685-687.
• Rochlen, A. (2005). Men In (and Out of) Therapy: Central
Concepts, Emerging Directions, and Remaining Challenges.
Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol 61(6), 627-631
