4. How did religion change from the River
Valley period to the Classical Period?
What sort of things increased in
importance?
5. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge
Why do you think there was an effort to find a new governing style?
Confucianism
“The Analects”
Teachings of Confucius
“Respect yourself and
others will respect you.”
Daoism
Balance/Harmony with Nature
6. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge
A. Confucianism
1. Impact of Confucianism in forming the social order in
China
a. Belief that humans are good, not bad
b. Respect for elders – Filial Piety - http://www.stanford.edu/group/confucian/cgi-bin/blog/?p=149
c. Code of Politeness (still use in Chinese society today)
d. Emphasis on education
e. Ancestor worship
Respect link
7.
8. Confucianism
- Filial Piety – Respect/obey elders/family
- Five Primary Relationships
- Every member of society has duty.
- Role model or follower or both
He who exercises government by means of his virtue
may be compared to the north polar star, which
keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.
-Confucious
What Chinese
concept is Confucius
reinforcing?
Writing and
teachings of
Confucius =
Analects
9. Confucianism
Read the following excerpt from the Analect and answer the following
questions:
“Filial piety is the root of virtue and the source of civilisation. We
establish ourselves and practise the Way, thereby perpetuating our
name for future generations and bringing glory to our parents. This is
the fulfilment of filial piety and it begins with serving one's parents, our
rulers and is completed by establishing one's character."
Describe Confucius’ concept of filial piety and its importance to Confucianism.
How did Confucianism promote social harmony?
How did the principles of Confucianism relate to the “Mandate of Heaven”
concept?
10. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge
B. Daoism
1. Impact of Daoism in forming Chinese culture and
values
a. Humility – low view of one’s own importance
b. Simple life & inner peace
c. Harmony/balance with nature
Lao Zi - founder
Yin and Yang represent
opposites for
Confucianism and Taoism.
11. China
Confucianism and Daoism/Taoism
Confucius
Social order and Filial Piety =
stability and harmony
Balance between human activity and
natural world.
Which had a greater impact on scientific and
medicinal innovation?
12. China
Balance between human
activity and natural world.
Daoism/Taoism
八卦Bāguà—The eight trigrams
乾Qián
兌Duì
離Lí
☰
☱
☲
震Zhèn
☳
巽Xùn
☴
坎Kǎn
☵
艮Gèn
☶
坤Kūn
☷
Heaven
/Sky
Lake/Marsh Fire Thunder Wind Water Mountain Earth
天Tiān 澤(泽) Zé 火Huǒ 雷Léi
風(风)
Fēng
水Shuǐ 山Shān 地Dì
14. Confucius Says?
His teaching were recorded in the Analects
According to Chinese tradition, filial piety (Hsiao) was the primary duty
of all Chinese. In the Hsiao-king (Classics of Filial Piety), Confucius is
recorded as saying: "Filial piety is the root of all virtue."--"Of all the
actions of man there are none greater than those of filial piety."
The term filial piety refers to the extreme respect that Chinese
children are supposed to show their parents. It involves many different
things including taking care of the parents, burying them properly
after death, bringing honor to the family, and having a male heir to
carry on the family name. Practicing these ideals is a very important
part of Chinese culture. Therefore, one would expect that filial piety
would be incorporated into the major religions of China as it has been.
Confucian Analects
Selections:
On Filial Piety
On War
15. East Asian beliefs
A. Believed in ancestor veneration (worship)
1. Spirits could bring good or bad luck
2. offering made to keep spirits happy
3. Offerings included human sacrifice
4. Shamans = individuals who claimed
ability to contact the ancestors = Shamanism
Where else do we see this?
16. India
Hinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Major similarities and differences?
17. III. Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India.
A. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion?
1. No single founder – evolved from Aryan Vedic traditions
2. Interconnectedness of life; Atman = individual soul; & Brahman =
world soul
3. Reincarnation – rebirth of soul through many lifetimes
4. Dharma – duties specific to each caste; pride in fulfilling Dharma
5. Karma – all thoughts & actions result in future consequences (good
or bad)
6. Moksha – spiritual goal for Hindus; release from cycle of rebirth;
join world soul
Birth
Death
Reincarnation
Rebirth
Death Rebirth
18. IV. Hindu Gods
A. How did Hindus view their gods? Many incarnations of one god - Brahman
1. Brahma – the Creator
2. Vishnu – the Protector
3. Shiva – the Destroyer
IV. Hinduism relied on sacred literature as a foundation of the religion.
A. What were the “Sacred Writings” of Hinduism?
1.Vedas = beginning of Hindu religion
2. Upanishads = introduced idea of universal spirit &
separation from material world
3. Mahabharata = 106,000 verse epic Indian poem;
addressing good & evil; importance of Dharma.
20. IV. Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today.
A. How did Hinduism influence Indian society and culture?
1. Karma & reincarnation strengthened Caste System
2. Caste System influenced all social interactions & occupations
3. NO SOCIAL MOBILITY!
4. Hindu culture spread to SE Asia along trade routes.
No Social Mobility – born & die in same caste
H I N D U I S M
22. 1. Who was the founder of Buddhism?
• Siddhartha Gautama
23. 2. Describe the early life of Siddhartha Gautama.
• Born a prince in
northern India
he was isolated
in the palace
walls and
destined for
greatness.
24. 3. What were the Four Passing Sights?
• Old man
• Sick man
• Dead man
• Holy Man
25. 4. What understanding did Siddhartha take away from
these sights?
• Life of full of
suffering but only
the holy man
seemed at peace.
26. 5. What did Siddhartha go in search of?
• Enlightenment!
• Way to end
suffering
27. 6. What did Siddhartha become known as?
• the Buddha
• meaning the
“Enlightened
One”
28. 7. In his first sermon, what were his four main ideas
called? List them.
• The Four Noble
Truths
• 1. All suffer and
know sorrow.
• 2. We suffer because
of desires.
• 3. To end suffering
we must end desires.
• 4. End desires by
following the
Eightfold Path
29. 8. What is another term for the Eightfold Path?
• Middle Way
30. 9. List the steps in the Eightfold Path. Make an
organizer. (web)
• Right Views
• Right Resolve
• Right Speech
• Right Conduct
• Right Livelihood
• Right Effort
• Right
Mindfulness
• Right
Concentration
31.
32. 10. What is the goal for Buddhists called?
• Nirvana
• Nirvana for Gautama is to live the life on
earth as the result of the Enlightenment, it
is not a place, but a state of mind in which
one is released from desire, craving,
fear... and, most specially, Nirvana brings
a Buddhist out of the cycles of the curse
of reincarnation for ever.
33. 11. What main ideas do Hinduism and Buddhism have in
common?
• Reincarnation
• Karma
• Release from material world
• Spiritual afterlife
34. 12. What 2 main Hindu ideas did the Buddha reject?
• the many Hindu
gods
• the caste system
35. 13. As a result of the caste system rejection, what type of
early converts did Buddhism receive?
• Laborers,
craftspeople and
servants
36. 14. How did Buddhism spread after the Buddha’s death?
• Buddhist
missionaries
spread Buddhism
to new areas
37.
38. 15. How did trade impact the spread of Buddhism AND
what are some areas in east Asia to which Buddhism
spread?
• Traders carried Buddhism
along trade routes such as
the Silk Roads to places
like China, Korea and
Japan and southeast Asia.
41. 3 Theories for “Fat Buddha”
Buddhism reached China around 100 CE, and was wide spread there by 600 CE. And we get three
theories on Fat Buddha.
First the physical image of a Noble was different as was the concept of the results of enlightenment, a
Noble was not athletic or a warrior, but a well fed person of leisure. Enlightenment led to material
success and wealth and a position at least close to nobility. And a belief that fat men were inherently
benevolent, similar to the "jolly fat man", Jolly Ol' St. Nick for example.
Then there is the story of a Chinese Buddhist monk in the 6th century who just happened to have a
belly that shook like jelly. He was a benevolent fellow who dedicated himself to helping others, and
was regarded as the incarnation of the Boddhisatva Metteya, who had reached nirvana but stayed
around just to help people
And finally, the theory held by most Buddhist scholars. A sagely Zen monk appeared in China around
850 CE and died in 916 CE. He said his name was "Knowing This" (ChiChe). No one knew where he
came from, he carried a big fat bag and was famous for his fat belly. When asked how to obtain nirvana
he would lay down the bag, not saying a word. When asked about what happened after reaching
nirvana, he would pick up the bag and walk away, still not uttering a word. It is pretty much accepted
that such a monk existed. He is probably the inspiration for Fat Buddha, as the statues began appearing
in the late 9th century, 1200 years after the Gautama's death.
42. Jesus and the Spread of Christianity
Rise of Christianity
A.D. 6 - Rome took control of Jewish kingdom of Judea, centered in Jerusalem.
Jesus was born around 6-4 B.C. in Bethlehem; raised in Nazareth
- Jesus was both a Jew and a Roman subject
- Took up trade of carpentry
- At 30, Jesus began ministry; for 3 years he preached, taught & healed
- His ideas contained ideas from Jewish tradition; monotheism, Ten
Commandments
- Jesus had 12 disciples; pupils/followers - later called apostles
- His message had great appeal to the poor; rejection of wealth and status,
and acceptance of everyone
A.D. 29 in Jerusalem - Death of Jesus
- Jewish priests deny Jesus is messiah; teachings were contempt for God.
- The Roman governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of challenging
authority of Rome
- According to Gospels - 3 days later, body was gone, he appeared to
followers, then ascended to heaven.
- Jesus becomes known as Jesus Christ from Greek Christos meaning
“messiah” or “savior”. Followers of teachings = Christians
- Christians were persecuted and killed for their beliefs
43. Apostles Spread Teachings
- Peter, one of the first apostles, spread teaching throughout Palestine and
Syria. Cross became symbol of beliefs.
- Paul – first opposed Christianity, then had vision of Christ, then
accepted beliefs & began teachings.
- Paul spread Christianity outside Palestine to Jews and Gentiles “non-Jews”
Emperors Contribution to the Spread of Christianity
- Constantine in A.D. 313 issued “Edict of Milan” allowing religious
freedom; ended persecution of Christians.
- Theodosius in A.D. 380 made Christianity the official religion of Roman Empire.
Christian Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs
- Monotheistic
- Trinity = Jesus as father, son, and holy spirit
- Life after death
- New Testament = accounts and teachings of Jesus & writings of early Christians
- Christian doctrine established by early church councils
- Pope = head of Christian Church
- Bishop = head of all churches in one area
- Heresy = any belief or action that questioned the basic teachings
of the church.
Jewish Rebellions
- A.D. 66 Jews in Judea rebelled against Rome.
- Jewish fortress of Masada held out until A.D. 73; all committed suicide.
- Diaspora = Most Jews were exiled from their homelands.
49. Loyalty to the Church
became more important
than loyalty to the Emperor.
Emperor Constantine
converted to Christianity &
made it legal
Christianity later became
the official religion of the
Roman Empire
The Church became the
main unifying force of
Western Europe
Impact of the Church of
Rome in the late Roman
Empire
The Church becomes a
source of moral authority
51. How did each of the following people influence the
development of Christianity as a new religion?
• Jesus of Nazareth
• The Jews
• Pontius Pilate
• Peter
52. Jesus of Nazareth
• Christianity is based on
the teachings of Jesus.
• He emphasized God’s
personal relationship
with each human.
• His simple message
attracted great crowds -
especially the poor.
• Many greeted him as the
Messiah.
53. The Jews
• Jesus was born a Jew.
• His teachings contained many ideas from Jewish tradition.
• Ideas such as monotheism and the Ten Commandments
54. Pontius Pilate
• He accused Jesus of
challenging the
authority of Rome,
he had Jesus
crucified.
• Crucifixion cross
became symbol of
the religion.
• After death, Jesus’
body disappeared,
convincing
Christians that he
was the Messiah or
savior.
55. Peter
• 1st Apostle
• He spread teachings of Jesus throughout
Palestine and Syria.
56. How did each of the following help to promote the spread
Christianity?
• Pax Romana
• Paul
• Emperor Constantine
• Emperor Theodosius
57. Pax Romana
“Roman Peace”
• Provided ideal conditions for travel and the
exchange of ideas.
• Massive road system allowed for increased
travel, commerce and interaction.
58.
59. Paul
• He stressed the universal nature of
Christianity.
• He declared the religion should welcome all
converts.
60.
61. Constantine
• A.D. 313 - Issued
“Edict of Milan”
ending
persecution of
Christians in the
Roman Empire.
• Christianity
would now be
one of the
approved
religions by the
emperor. Constantine
1st Christian Emperor
62. Theodosius
• A.D. 380 - Emperor Theodosius made
Christianity the empire’s official religion.
Christianity
From persecutions and deaths
to becoming an empire’s
official religion
66. Buddhism & Christianity
I. Similarities
A. Universalizing faiths: (along with Islam
later)
1. Religion that attempts to operate on a
global scale and appeal to all people.
2. Compared to ethnic religion; which
primarily attracts one group of people
living in one place.
67. Buddhism & Christianity
B. Spread of religions
1. Buddhism: from India to SE Asia, China,
Korea, Japan
2. Christianity: from ME throughout E&W
Europe
C. Use of Missionaries
1. Carried teachings to new lands
D. Importance of monastic life
1. Devoting life to faith
2. !! Allowance of women to participate in
monastic/missionary activity
68. Buddhism & Christianity
E. Division into different sects/denominations
1. Buddhism: Theravada & Mahayana
2. Christianity: Catholic & Orthodox
69. Buddhism & Christianity
II. Differences (few but key)
A. Christianity has:
1. Greater church structure & hierarchy
2. Less tolerance for local beliefs and
traditions. Results?
70. India
Hinduism and Buddhism
Is Hinduism more like Confucianism or Daoism? Explain
