2. Objectives
At the end of this session the learner should be able to :
1. Define educational objectives
2. Differentiate the types of educational objectives.
3. Define terms cognitive, affective and psychomotor
domains.
4. Relate these terms to intellectual skills,
communication skills and manipulative skills
respectively.
5. Formulate educational objectives belonging to the
three domains.
3. It is a process, the chief goal of which is :
To bring about desirable changes in the behavior of
learner in the form of acquisition of knowledge,
proficiency in skills & development of attitudes in the
course of a given period.
Components:
- Development of educational objectives
- Organization of T-L activities
- Evaluation
7. AIMS = GOALS = OBJECTIVES?
Aims & Goals are vague have
wider perspective
8. Goals vs Objectives
Course goals
Describe the overall purpose of the
course within the larger curriculum
Course objectives
Break down goals into measurable
behaviors that demonstrate competency
Ensure successful accomplishment of
course goals
10. Characteristics of Learner Objectives
Narrow, limited
Precise
Concrete
Measurable
Competency based
Always stated in terms of the learner
11. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE
Written Statement
the LEARNER should be able to Know, Do, Think or Feel at
the end of a course /session/ training
Earlier could not do……..
Highly explicit
Operational
Time-bound
Quantifiable
Learner oriented
Educational
12. “If you are not certain of
where you are going
You may very well end up
Somewhere else (and not even know it)”
15. According to the domains of learning:
1.Cognitive domain
2.Affective domain
3.Psycomotor domain
According to the level of objectives:
1. Institutional
2. Departmental
3. Specific Learning / Instructional Objective
(SLO)
16. Knowing about objectives is
essential
but not
enough………..
Putting them into proper perspective and
handling them in a creative manner requires
the knowledge of TAXONOMY
17.
18. What is Taxonomy?
Stepwise or hierarchical phenomena of attaining the
objective according to its inbuilt relationship.
What exactly happens-step by step- during the
process of learning.
20. A taxonomy classifies information into a
hierarchy of levels.
Domain taxonomies reveal that what
educators want students to accomplish
(expressed by educational objectives) can be
arranged into levels of complexity, and
that those levels are best fulfilled
sequentially.
Domain Taxonomies
31. 3. APPLICATION
Applying Information
Using what is remembered and
comprehended.
Applies learning to real life, new, and/or
concrete situations.
It is ability to use knowledge and learned
material in meaningful ways.
32. 4. ANALYSIS
Reasoning
Breaking material into parts and
determining the relationships of these parts
to each other and to the whole.
Analyzing Relationships
Taking one portion or piece at a time to
clarify the overall idea.
33. 5. SYNTHESIS
Creating
Putting together parts and elements into a new form.
Organizing ideas into new patterns and putting
materials together in a structure which was not there
before.
37. 2. Affective domain
An individual’s emotions,
attitudes, appreciations, interests,
and/or values about “something”
or someone
38. Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude)
(feelings, emotions and behaviour, ie., attitude, or 'feel')
39.
40.
41. (1) Receiving :
Ex. The learner would be able to show
awareness of anxiety of the patient waiting for an
invasive procedure.
(2) Responding :
Ex- The learner would be able to reassure the
an anxious patient waiting an invasive procedure.
(3) Valuing :
Ex- The learner would be able to realize that its
worth spending time reassuring patient whenever
they are anxious.
42. (4) Organization :
Ex-The learner would be able to form judgments
as to the responsibility of the health care team for
commitment towards the emotional wellbeing of
patients.
(5) Characterization :
Ex- The learner would be able to determine how
the goal of health for all has the bearing on the
political will and commitment toward emotional
wellbeing of patients.
44. Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (Skills)
(manual and physical skills, ie., skills, or 'do')
45.
46. Readiness :
The learner should be in a state of mental, Physical
and emotional readiness.
Observation :
The learner shall observe the steps of CPR .
Perception :
The learner shall become able to perform CPR.
Response :
The learner shall perform effective CPR independently
in hospital setup.
Adaptation :
The learner shall perform CPR on victims of accident in
the road side.
Organization :
The learner shall modify CPR protocol to make it more
effective.
48. Cognitive Domain Levels
Level Description Verbs
Knowledge To recall or recognize information in
some pre-arranged form.
Define
List
Comprehen-
sion
To understand meaning of information
based on prior learning.
Describe
Explain
Interpret
Application To utilize information to complete a
task with limited direction.
Compute
Solve
Use
Analysis To classify and relate assumptions or
evidence.
Contrast
Examine
Synthesis To integrate or combine ideas into a
new product or plan.
Design
Develop
Organize
Evaluation Critique idea based on specific
standards and criteria.
Appraise
Judge
Justify
49. Affective Domain Levels
Level Description Verbs
Receiving Being aware of, or attending to
something in the environment.
Listen
Notice
Tolerate
Responding Showing some new behavior as a
result of experience.
Comply Enjoy
Follow
Valuing Showing some definite involvement
or commitment.
Carry out,
Express
Organization Integrating a new value into one's
general set of values relative to other
priorities.
Choose
Consider Prefer
Characterizatio
n
Acting consistently with the new
value; person is known by the value.
Act on Depict
Exemplify
50. Psychomotor Domain Levels
Level Description Verbs
Perceiving Recognizing movement position or pattern. Listen
Observe
Patterning Reproducing movement position or pattern. Imitate
Practice
Accommodating Using or modifying movement position or
pattern.
Adjust
Modify
Refining Demonstrating efficient control in
performing pattern.
Improve
Master
Varying Performing movement pattern in different
ways.
Design
Develop
Improvising Originating novel movement or movement
combinations.
Construct
Invent
Composing Creating unique movement pattern. Create Invent
51. Types of objectives
2. According to level of objective:
1.Institutional (general)
2.Departmental (intermediate)
3.Specific instructional/behavioral
1.Institutional (general)
E.g. At the end of training at medical college
the medical graduate should be able to: Diagnose
and perform first level management of acute
emergencies promptly & efficiently.
52. 2.Departmental (intermediate)
E.g. At the end of the training in the Dept. of Medicine the
students should be able to : Perform methods of first level
management of acute emergencies in medicine.
3.Specific instructional (SLO)/behavioral
E.g. At the end of the training sessions the students
should be able to: Perform C.P.R. measures outside the
hospital also without any access to modern resuscitative
equipments.
54. Characteristics (Qualities) of
Objectives:
RELEVANT: Conform to the needs of the learner
and institutional objectives.
UNEQUIVOCAL: Clear action verbs are used.
FEASIBLE: Be within the limit of time and
resources available.
OBSERVABLE: E.g. written, spoken, performed, etc.
MEASURABLE: E.g. rating, grading, marking, etc.
58. A brief clear statement of a single skill, directly related to a
departmental objective and stated in terms of observable
student behavior.
INSTRUCTIONAL/Learning
OBJECTIVES
59. e.g. -a lecture, a course of lectures
-a practical
-a tutorial
-a group discussion
-a clinical session / term …..
SIOs / SLOs-
What the teacher expects from the students to learn
as a result of his/her teaching efforts at the end of an
instructional unit
60. Components of a SLO
Audience
Content (Observable Behavior)
Condition of performance
Degree/criteria
61. Audience
The learner – who will be doing the
behavior
Undergraduate students
Graduate students
Professionals
Government personnel
62. Observable Behavior / Content
What will the learner be able to do as
a result of learning?
Example: ……… will diagnose
anemia……..
63. Condition
What are the conditions under which
the learners must demonstrate their
mastery of the objective?
Example: ….. On the basis of detailed
hematological picture described in
patient’s records.
64. Degree or Criteria
What are the standards of acceptable
performance - Quantity, quality,
efficiency durability?
Example: …… in 100% of cases…..
65. Complete SLO
The student should be able to
diagnose anemia in 100% of cases on
the basis of a detailed hematological
picture described in the patient’s
records.
66. Triple C Model
Content –Observable-What
Condition of performance-With / without
help of equipment, specimen, reports etc
Criteria/Degree-How Well-minimum
standard of performance
67. Characteristics of Specific
Learning Objectives
Specific and focused (Clear, Concise, Unequivocal)
Measurable
Achievable & Realistic
Relevant
Time-bound with
Targets performance
68. Audience The students will be able to
Content/
Behavior/
Performance
(obligatory)
What the learner is expected to be able to
do, what is the learner doing when
demonstrating achievement of the
objective
Condition
(optional)
Identifies important condition (if any)of
under which his performance is to occur.
Criteria
(optional)
Describe how well the learner meet
perform in order to be considered
acceptable.
69.
70. Conclusion
It can be said that an
educational process without
objectives would be like a
rudderless ship with neither the
teacher nor the learner having
any control and final
Notas do Editor
Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners
Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED!
Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level.
The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues
The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor…
Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course?
Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants
Ilene V.I want them to think like group dynamics consultants
D. CoxI want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues
Rachel BurksI want them to become informed voters on scientific issues
Richard GistI want them to become informed consumers of advertising
Tom C.I want them to appreciate theater
What happens of the pieces are not in alignment?
Well, remember the purpose of SP&DNT to justify the effort involved. If the web components SP or DNT they enhance T & L enough to justify the effort.
What if you create an online discussion that lasts one week or longer – or create a series of OD’s – that have no relevance to the course objectives? You’ve just created an assignment that involves a lot of work for you and your students that has little payoff.
The aim here is to ensure the time and effort are well invested. The purpose of TETL isn’t to add more assignments and online components to your course. The purpose is to find alternate ways to accomplish your objectives that enable you to SP & DNT. = a different way to teach the course and when it works it should be a way that you find more effective.