This is a summary of the topic "Kinetic model of matter" in the GCE O levels subject: Physics. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure Physics will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.

1. KINETIC MODEL OF
MATTER

2. KINETIC MODEL OF
MATTER

3. KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER
The kinetic model of matter states that the matters are made up of tiny
particles that are always in continuous random motion.

4. KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER
State of matter Particle arrangement Particle movement
Solid Closely packed in a regular arrangement.
Large number of particles per unit volume.
Have the highest densities.
Particles vibrate around fixed
positions and held together by strong
attractive forces.
Have fixed volumes and shapes.
Liquid Randomly arranged and slightly further apart.
Slightly less number of particles per unit
volume compared to solids.
Relatively high densities.
Particles are free to move about
within the liquid held together by
attractive forces.
Have fixed volumes but not shapes.
Gas Randomly arranged and very far apart.
Small number of particles per unit volume.
Low densities.
Particles move about randomly at
high speeds with little attraction.
Have no fixed volume and shape, and
are compressible.

5. BROWNIAN MOTION

6. BROWNIAN MOTION
Brownian motion is the random movement of particles that are suspended in a
liquid.
When the liquid is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and move faster
and more vigorously.

7. DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration.

8. PRESSURE IN GASES

9. PRESSURE IN GASES
Gas pressure is generated due to the collision of the gas molecules onto the
walls of their holding container.

10. PRESSURE IN GASES
The presssure, p of a fixed mass of gas is
directly proportional to its temperature,
provided its volume remains constant. It
may be expressed as p ∝T.
Pressure
Temperature
Pressure againstTemperature

11. PRESSURE IN GASES
The pressure p of a fixed mass of gas is
inversely proportional to its volumeV,
provided its temperature remains
constant. It may be expressed as p ∝
1
𝑉
or
p =
𝑘
𝑉
, where k is a constant.
Pressure
Volume
Pressure against volume

12. PRESSURE IN GASES
The volume,V of a fixed mass of gas is
directly proportional to its temperatureT,
provided its pressure remains constant. It
may be expressed asV ∝T.
Pressure
1/V
Pressure against 1/V

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