Community Risk Assessment (CRA)

1
More effective mitigation/reduction
strategies would save not only tens of
billions of dollars, but also save tens of
thousands of lives.
SO,
“Building a culture of prevention is not
easy.While the costs of prevention have
to be paid in the present, its benefits lie
in a distant future”.
MRS_L3_CBDRM/CRA_Saleh

Community Based Disaster Risk Management/
Community Risk Assessment
Md. Saleh Ur Rahman
Master in Disaster Management (BRACU)
Disaster Focal
M4C, Swisscontact Worldwide
2 MRS_L3_CBDRM/CRA_Saleh

Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM)
Basic concept
CBDRM is a participatory process for assessing hazards,
vulnerabilities, risks, ability to cope, preparing coping strategies
and finally preparing a risk reduction options implementation
plan by the local community. Its also known as CRA.

Why community based risk management?
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 Provides a systematic process for identifying, estimating
and ranking community risk
 To reduce the community risk and to prioritize the major
hazards so that the community can address all its disaster
risk on the basis of its capacities and resources
consequently finding out the frequency, extent of damage
and their other consideration
 To identify and access the external resources and support
by the very community to build an effective strategies for
the circumstance, which the community cannot address
by itself

Cont.……
5
 Community risk Assessment provides the data with
disaster specific baseline to the community and
supporting agencies for developmental planning purpose
 To have an analytical yardstick regarding the growth and
success of the obtaining Process over time line
 Rural people, especially the poor, landless, fisher‐farmers,
women and disable are highly vulnerable to hazards.
 The increasing frequency of hazards and
subsequent loss of lives and resources makes them
more vulnerable.

What is CRA?
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CRA is a method that involves local stakeholder groups to
come together and prepare a consensual risk reduction
strategy (action plan) through identification, assessment
and analysis of hazard specific risks in different vulnerable
sectors. It is therefore important that representatives of the
relevant social and occupational groups are identified and
participate in the CRA process.

Community Risk Assessment (CRA)
At a glance
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Scoping the Community
Identification of Hazards,
Vulnerable Sectors, Elements
& Locations
Risk Analysis and Evaluation
Specific Risk Reduction
Options & Action Planning
Consensus on Options
The end product is a consensual
community risk assessment and
set of risk reduction actions
Detailed risk
reduction strategy,
including‐
- Prevention/
Mitigation Measures
‐ Preparedness
Measures

Participants of CRA
Primary & secondary stakeholders
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Stakeholder Impacted Supportive
Primary
Stakeholders
Fishers, Fish farmers, Farmers,
Landless,Women, Disables,
Adolescent, etc.
Union Parishad, UDMC,
NGO, Local Forest
Offices, Upazila
Cooperative Offices,
Money lenders, Local
elites, Local physicians,
Local CBOs, Scientific
Organizations (i.e. BMD,
IWM, CEGIS, DoE,
BUET, University of
Dhaka etc.)
Secondary
Stakeholders
UP Chair, members,
Local Administration,
Public and Private service
Providers,
Local Influential (policy/social –
having influence on power
structure),
Member of Parliament, and
Local institutional Network.

Scoping
Socio-economic Information
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 Location,Type and Area
 Population (Male/ Female)
 Education (rate – primary,
secondary)
 Health and Family Planning
 Communication (roads, bridge,
culverts, sluice gates etc)
 River, Canal,Wetland (beels) etc.
 Economic Activities (livelihood
options)
 Social – Religious Groups
 Institutions: educational, religious,
government offices, UP, NGOs,
local clubs, cultural institutions,
flood/cyclone shelter
 Fisheries
 Common Places: hat – bazaar,
playground
 Land use (commercial/business,
settlement, infrastructure, forest,
wetland, fish culture, cultivable/
non‐cultivable, single cropped,
double cropped, triple cropped
etc)
 SoilType
 Food and Agriculture
 Forestation
 Biodiversity
 Water and Sanitation
 Poultry – Livestock

TASKS of CRA

Tasks of CRA
Task 1:
Validation of
Relevant
Secondary
Information
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 The Facilitator presents secondary maps and
information to participants in such a manner that
everybody can understand and authenticate them.
 The Facilitator will document necessary changes on
the map or graphs in front of the participants or request
any of the participants to draw the changes.
 Co‐facilitator will take notes of discussion in a
systematic manner.

Tasks of CRA
Task 2:
Disaster
History
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• The tool helps provide a better understanding of the
most significant disaster events that have left their mark
on the community’s development and evolution, on the
changes in their nature, intensity and behavior.
• It provides a more in-depth history and community
identity.
• It helps reveal how disasters have affected people’s
resources over the years and evaluate their negative
effects on their lives

Tasks of CRA
Task 3:
Transact
Walk
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 Start walking with 6 – 8 local knowledgeable persons
from one side of the area and try to focus on every
related issue during the walk and take notes.
 Talk with everybody you met during the walk.
 Once the walk comes to an end, display the
notes/information to the accompanying
persons so that they can provide further input for
necessary addition, modification, alteration or deduction.

Cont.…
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 This tool is used to record the topography of lands,
to understand the interrelationships with the
environment, to locate vulnerable sites, evacuation
sites, the types of construction, the distribution of
social infrastructure, the health issues and facilities,
the business activities, etc.
 It also serves to identify the elements that should be
studied more in-depth and to approve or not the
indications mentioned on previously drawn maps
 The transect walk does not require strong
community participation

Tasks of CRA
Task 4:
Focus Group
Discussions
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 The Facilitator will give an introduction to the
disaster risk environment and features & benefits of
community based disaster management approach.
 The Facilitator will start discussion in line with the
prepared checklist to gain information about the locality,
people, their livelihoods and local risk environment and
local/traditional preparedness and coping strategy.
 Co‐facilitator starts taking notes of discussion in a
systematic manner.

Cont.….
16
Ideally the focus group discussions about
general topics like natural hazards,
socioeconomic vulnerabilities, disaster
preparedness strategies, environmental
issues, etc. This technique explores values
and attitudes of different groups, as well as
the knowledge and understanding level of
the community.
Suggested guiding questions:
On natural hazards, questions may be:
• What are the risks the community is facing?
• What are the causes and the consequences of these risks?
• What is the community doing to reduce these risks? How
does the community react?
• What measures should be taken to reduce these risks?

Tasks of CRA
Task 4:
Social
Mapping
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The maps are used to indicate the location of health centers,
schools, water points, etc. and identify in particular, risk areas
and located vulnerable groups. They help to understand
complex relationships and allow visual comparisons of
information. As the CRA goes on, the map enables the
strengths and the weaknesses of the community to be
visualized (resources, livelihoods, etc.).

Tasks of CRA
Task 5:
Hazard Venn
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 The facilitator will request the participants to prepare
a list of common hazards that takes place in the locality.
 The participants will be requested to select round
shaped art paper pieces (prepared earlier by the
facilitator) for each of the hazards, size will depending on
the intensity and damage caused by the hazard, bigger size
paper for the most intensive and most damaging hazard.
They will write down the hazard on the selected piece.

Tasks of CRA
Task 6:
Hazard
Mapping
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This tool is used to support community and
family level to describe the characteristics
and risks criteria according to impacts of
the major hazard that is identified and
measure the major constantans at the
locality.

Tasks of CRA
Task 7:
Livelihoods
Seasonal
Calendar
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 The participants will be requested to identify the
months of operation of each of the livelihood options
take place in the locality.
 The participants will discuss among themselves and
agreed up on and accordingly the facilitator or a
participant will put color under the months as per
agreement and finalize the seasonal calendar of the local
livelihood options.

Tasks of CRA
Task 8:
Hazard
Seasonal
Calendar
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 The participants will be requested to identify the
months of occurrences of each of the hazards; they will
also identify the months when the situation is worst.
 The participants will discuss among themselves and
agree and accordingly the Facilitator or a participant will
put color under the months and finalize the seasonal
calendar of the hazards in the area.

Cont.….
22
Disaster Based Community Seasonal
Calendar
The seasonal calendar contains a lot of information about
seasonal changes and related hazards, diseases and other
information related to specific months of the year. It can be
used to show weather patterns such as floods or droughts,
cyclone, erosion etc. and seasonal crops at that disaster
period.

Tasks of CRA
Task 9:
Key
Informants
Interview
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 The interviewer will ask the respondent if he has
anything to ask.
 The interviewer will ask questions based on the
checklist to gather responses from the respondent.
 The facilitator will review the checklist to see if there
is any thing left or if any area needs further clarification.

CRA VALIDATION PROCESS

CRA Workshop Flow Chart

Step 1:
Identification
of Vulnerable
Sectors, &
Community
Elements
Activity 1:
Identify All
Vulnerable
Sectors &
Community
Elements
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Identify the key sectors within the comm
unity (e.g. agriculture, housing, livestock,
lifelines, industry), key elements (e.g. p
eople, Lifelines/Essential services, infras
tructure, livelihoods, houses and perso
nal property, community buildings) tha
t could potentially be affected by any
of the hazards identified in Pre‐CRA sess
ions.

Cont.….
27
 The Facilitator clearly explains the understanding of
community elements, risk location and the relevant
sectors to be affected by the hazards and asks the
participants to respond accordingly.
 Once the community elements/sectors/ are identified
(one after another) the facilitator will write in the specific
format accordingly.

Step 2:
Identification
of Hazard
Specific Risks
Vulnerable
Sector
Activity 2:
Risk Statement
associated with
Hazards in each
Vulnerable
Sector
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 The Facilitator clearly explains the hazards and
probable effects and then asks the participants to identify
hazards specific risks for all the hazards relevant to the
locality through discussion among them.
 The Facilitator will also clearly explain the ways of
writing specific risk statements so that the outputs
become very specific, not generic.

Step 3:
Risk Analysis &
Evaluation
Activity 3:
Risk
Assessment
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 The facilitator will explain the likelihood and
consequence descriptors and fill the respective cell
against each of the risk statements depending on the
potential consequences they might have upon happening.
 At last, based on the likelihood and level of
consequences of specific risk statements the facilitator
will use risk matrix to evaluate the risks depending on
their extremity in the community.

Step 3:
Risk Analysis &
Evaluation
Activity 4:
Causal Analysis
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 Display the causal analysis format on board or wall for
participants’ reference while identifying the causes of
prioritized risks and possible options for reduction.
 Identify options for each of the causes or group of
causes.While identifying options let the participants be
very specific regarding what to do and where.

Step 3:
Risk Analysis &
Evaluation
Activity 5:
Risk Priority
for
Management
31
 Provide 5 zip sticks to each participant and ask them
to score the risks according to their own choice. In doing
so, each participants can fix all the 5 zip sticks on one risk
statement or 1, 2, 3, 4 zip sticks on risks of their own
choice/priority.
 The facilitator will request the participants to consider
cause and options for each risk statements while scoring
for management priority.

Step 4:
Specific Risk
Reduction
Options
Activity 6:
Selection of
Risk Reduction
Options and
Management
Priority
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 Display and read the compiled output of causal
analysis and options identification on display board and
write if the participants have any addition, modification,
deduction or change in the compiled output list in terms
of preparedness, response and/or recovery for the
specific risk statements.
 Then the participants will be invited to rank the
options against each of the risk statements e.g. (1), (2)….

Cont.….

Step 4:
Specific Risk
Reduction
Options
Activity 7:
Impact Analysis
of Risk
Reduction
Options
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 Evaluate prioritized risk reduction options through
analyzing sector impacts of implementation.
 The facilitators will prepare the list in consultation
with the GO/NGO officials and local experienced
persons.
 Share and discuss the options impact analysis format
to analyze 5 selected options.

Step 4:
Specific Risk
Reduction
Options
Activity 8:
Options
Implementatio
n Strategy
selection in
Final Plenary
including
alternative
options
35
 Facilitator explains the findings of all the sessions
conducted over the last few days and all the preparatory
works to the participants (primary and secondary
stakeholders) so that they can understand what activities
have been done so far and what activities to be carried
out.

United we stand, divided we fall – (Aesop)
Thanks to all.
Special thanks to Dr. Hamidul Haq Sir

Community Risk Assessment (CRA)

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