6. National Institute of Health (USA.)
• 5 -10 % of Newborns – Neuro
• Neurodeficit Pediatric Patient
3 % from direct exposure
25 % from multifactorial
7. Pb - Anemia
- IQ even < 10 g/dL
- Development < 5 g/dLa
- Muscular incordinationb
µ
µ
a Am J Obs Gyn 2003; 188(4) ; S 26-32.
b Pediatrics 1993; 90: 91 – 3 .
8. Pb – in Thai
Kindergarten 6.80 + 2.02 g/ dL a
µ
2⁰ School students9.03 + 3.65 g/dL aµ
Adult 5.95 + 2.01 g/ dL b
µ
a J. Med Assoc Thai 1999 ; 82 : S 155 – 61.
b J Med Assoc Thai 1998 ; 81 : 110 – 5 .
9. Hg - Minamata Disease a
Abnormal muscular tone
- Canadians b Abnormal DTR
- Iraqi c,d Visno – spatial organization
- New Zealand neurocognitive performance e
a CritRev Toxicol 1995 ; 25 : 1-24.
b Am J Epidemiol1993 ; 118 : 470-9.
c Environ Res 2002 ; 89 : 1-11.
d Trans Am Neurol Ass 1997 ; 102 : 69 – 71.
e Neuro – toxicol Teratol 1997 ; 102 : 69 – 71.
10. Cd - “ Itai - Itai”
Abnormality
- Tubular function
- Bone
Thailand : M of Nat Resources and Envi 2004.
Chulalongkorn University, 2005.
Intl. Water Management Institute, 2005.
13. Sample size
n = Z22/ L2
n = (1.96)2(1)2/(0.1)2
n= 384.16 cases
Z = probability of type I error = 1.96
(variance) = 1
L2 = acceptable error for the estimation of sample mean (L =.1)
* non – response และ missing 10 %
** Total ของ sample size ทั้งหมด 423 คน x 2 โรงพยาบาล = 846 คน