NISO Annotation Meeting (San Francisco)

Open Annotation:
Social Bookmarking and Annotation of eBooks

Robert Sanderson
rsanderson@lanl.gov
Los Alamos National Laboratory

Todd Carpenter
National Information Standards Organization

Peter Brantley
Internet Archive

http://www.openannotation.org/

This research is funded in part by the Andrew
W. Mellon Foundation

Open Annotation Overview 1
San Francisco, 26th of October 2011

Overview

•  Introduction

•  Open Annotation Model
•  Basics
•  Segments

•  Publish/Subscribe Model

•  Appendix: FAQ


Open Annotation Collaboration

•  Focus on interoperable sharing of annotations:
•  Web-centric and open, not application specific silos
•  Create, consume and interact in different environments
•  Build from a simple model for simple cases,
to more detailed for complex requirements

•  Need for standards across platforms:
•  Many people will want to share annotations and highlights
•  Even if a reader doesn’t share her annotations with others,
she will want to access them from different reading apps


Basic Model

The basic model has three resources:
•  Annotation (an RDF document)
•  Body (the ‘comment’ of the annotation)
•  Target (the resource the Body is ‘about’)


Basic Model Example


Segments of Resources

Most annotations are about part of a resource

Different segments for different media types:

•  Text: paragraph, arbitrary span of words
•  Image: rectangular or arbitrary shaped area
•  Audio: start and end time points, track name/number
•  Video: area and time points
•  Other: slice of a data set, volume in a 3d object, …


Segments of Resources

Web Architecture Segmentation:

•  A URI with a Fragment identifies part of the resource:
•  IETF Mime-type fragment identifiers; eg xpointer
•  W3C Media Fragments URI specification for simple
segments of media: image, audio, video

OAC introduces a method of constraining resources:

•  Introduce an approach for arbitrarily complex segments
•  Can be applied to Body or Target resource


Complex Constraints
Fragments are often not possible:
•  Introduce a Constraint that describes the segment of interest
•  And a ConstrainedTarget that identifies the segment of interest
•  Constraints are resources, so can be expressive and detailed


Constraint Example


Annotation Protocols

Unlike previous systems, Open
Annotation does not mandate a
protocol.

No reliance on a client/server
combination gives the client
autonomy to use different services
as appropriate.

Instead we promote a publish/
subscribe methodology, where
annotations may be stored and
consumed from anywhere.

Protocol: publish, subscribe, consume tied together


Publish/Subscribe Method

We don’t specify how this transfer should occur

publish


Nor this.

publish subscribe


Nor this.

publish subscribe consume

Publish/Subscribe Advantages

•  Client can use most appropriate method for transferring annotation to
storage service
•  May already be mandated in different domains
•  Can use existing services without requiring them to change

•  Annotations are web resources in their own right
•  Can be protected for restricted access using existing technology
•  Have their own URIs for identity

•  Promotes a market-place of services, such as:
•  Archiving Annotations and resources for preservation
•  Enriching with additional metadata and information
•  Spam detection and filtering to provide trusted annotation feeds


OAC for eBooks: Open Questions

•  Need to have robust mechanism for determining the segment of
interest:
•  Could be part of an image
•  Could be part of stable layout text
•  Could be part of reflowable text
•  Distrust of quoting passages: enough annotations and entire text
is unprotected
•  Distrust of offsets: change in the text and Constraint will describe
the wrong segment

•  Motivating public, rather than private, annotations is important
•  … As is filtering spam!


http://www.openannotation.org/


FAQ

•  Surely there's more to the model?
•  What about creator, modification time and so on?
•  I want to comment on an Annotation?
•  I want to annotate multiple parts at once?
•  How can the comment be part of the Annotation?
•  You mentioned URI Fragments?
•  How can my comment be part of another resource?

•  I want to use quoted passages, but not still protect the quotes?
•  I want to use character offsets, but know if the segment has changed?
•  What about highlighting with no comment?
•  What about different colors and styles of highlight?
•  What about just marking a location, like a bookmark?


What about Creator, Modification Time?

Any of the resources can have additional information attached,
such as creator, date of creation, title, etc.


Additional Properties Example


I Want to Comment on an Annotation?

There can be further typing of the Annotation to clarify purpose.
Example: Replies are Annotations on Annotations.


Annotation Types Example


I Want to Annotate Multiple Parts at Once?

Many use cases for multiple targets for a single Annotation:
•  Comparison of two or more resources
•  Making a statement that applies to all of the resources
•  Making a statement about multiple parts of a resource

Enabled by allowing more than one hasTarget relationship.


Multiple Targets Example


How can the Comment be part of the Annotation?

Content may be contained within the Annotation document:

•  Important for client autonomy
•  Clients may be unable to mint new URIs for every resource
•  Clients may wish to transmit only a single document
•  Third parties can generate new URIs if the client does not

The W3C has a Content in RDF specification:
•  http://www.w3.org/TR/Content-in-RDF10/


Inline Body

•  Introduce a resource identified by a non resolvable URI
(such as a UUID URN) as the Body.
•  Embed the data within the Annotation document using 'chars’
from Content in RDF.


Inline Body Example


You Mentioned URI Fragments?

URI Fragments are a syntax for creating subsidiary URIs that
identify part of the main resource

The syntax is defined per media type:

•  X/HTML: The named anchor or identified element

•  XML: An XPointer to the element(s)

•  PDF: Many options, especially page and viewrect

•  Plain Text: Either by character position or line position


Segments of Resources: W3C Media Fragments

Media Fragments allow anyone to create URIs that identify part of
an image, audio or video resource.

The most common case is for rectangular areas of images:
•  http://www.example.org/image.jpg#xywh=50,100,640,480

Link to the full resource as well, for all Fragment URIs


Media Fragments Example


How can my Comment be Part of another Resource?

The Body may also be constrained in the same way as Targets.

(the most complicated OAC data model diagram)


Constrained Body Example


I Want to use Quoted Passages, but Protect the Text?


I Want to use Offsets, but Know if the Text has Changed?


What about Highlighting with No Comment?


What about Highlighting with different Colors?


What about just Bookmarking a Location?


NISO Annotation Meeting (San Francisco)

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