3. Epidemiology
Second most common cancer in women.
Third most common cause of death among women.
16 per 100,000 cases reported globally every year.
80% cases from developing countries.
Pakistan:19.5 cases per 1lac population (WHO 2008)
4. Anatomy of cervix
Lowest part of uterus
1 inch in length
Anatomical divisions
7. Risk factors
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
Family History of Cervical Cancer
Age
Sexual and Reproductive History
Socioeconomic Status
Smoking
HIV Infection
In Utero DES Exposure
Long-term use of oral contraceptives
8. Human Papillomavirus
Small, circular, double
stranded DNA genome.
150-200 types of HPV
known
15 are classified as high-
risk types (16, 18, 31,
33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,
56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and
82)
Infects rapidly dividing
cells at squamocolumnar
junction
Oncogenes:E6 and E7
10. Diagnosis
History and physical examination
Papanicolaou smear/liquid based cytology
HPV-DNA testing
Colposcopy: endocervical curettage
Per rectal examination
Biopsy
11. Diagnosis
History and physical
examination
Risk factors, past
illness, treatments, signs
of health and disease,
lumps and swellings.
Pelvic examination
Bimanual pelvic
examination
12. Pap smear: conventional
method
Cytologic preparation of
exfoliated cells from
cervical transformation
zone
Procedure
speculum insertion
scrap by brush
microscopy
13. Liquid based cytology
Collection of cells : same
Spatula broken into
preservative containing
glass vial
Centrifuge
Microscopy
HPV-DNA testing
14. Colposcopy
Binocular, magnifies 5-
20 times
See abnormal vessels
Apply 3-5% acetic acid
See whitish areas
Can also do
endocervical curettage
15. Biopsy
When abnormal cells are found on cytology
Simple biopsy
Small amount of tissue removed in doctor’s office
Cone biopsy
Cone of tissue removed, need to visit hospital
17. Staging
Inspection and palpation
Colposcopy
Hysteroscopy
X-Ray chest and skeleton
Abdominal ultrasound
Intravenous urography
MRI
PET scan
LEEP and conization
Results viewed together
with the results of the
original tumor biopsy to
determine the cervical
cancer stage.
23. Treatment
Stage I
IA1: LEEP or cone biopsy,trachelectomy
IA2: hystrectomy,remove lymph nodes as well
Stage IB1 and Stage IIA
Wertheim hysterectomy, radiation therapy
Stage IIB –IVA
Chemo radiotherapy followed by hysterectomy
Recurrence
Pelvic externation
24. Treatment during pregnancy
Depends on the time of diagnosis
1st trimester: external irradiation, abortion, internal
irradiation and chemotherapy
Last trimester:hysterotomy or caesarean section
followed by radical hysterectomy
26. Prognosis
Depends on volume and stage of the disease
5 year survival rate
Stage I: 80% -90%
Stage II: 60% -75%
Stage III: 30%-40%
Stage IV: 15%
27. Screening and prevention
Types of screening
Conventional cytology
Liquid-based monolayer cytology
Human papillomavirus testing
Testing in resource-poor areas
Visual inspection to detect pre-cancer or cancer
28. Prevention
HPV vaccination
Quit smoking
Limitation of sexual partners
Barrier methods of contraception
Regular Pap smears
Diet with anti oxidants: vita A, vit B12, vit C, vit E, beta
carotene.