AWS presented techniques for minimizing video bitrates including using the AV1 codec and quality variable bitrate encoding. They also discussed cloud-native media workflows using AWS services like MediaConnect, MediaLive, and MediaConvert. MediaConnect updates included new entitlement features for syndicating live content between accounts. MediaLive additions focused on statistical multiplexing. MediaConvert gained accelerated transcoding. Other services like MediaPackage and low latency delivery were also covered.

1. S U M M I T
S E O U L
© 2019, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2. AWS Media Service Innovation
Christer Whitehorn
Lead Solutions Architect, AWS Media Services, APAC
AWS

3. Agenda
Techniques for minimizing bitrates
• AV1
• QVBR
• Per-title transcoding
Cloud-native enabled workflows
• MediaConnect Updates inc. entitlements
• MediaLive Playout
• Statistical Multiplexing
• MediaConvert Accelerated Transcode
Other Media Service Updates
• MediaPackage
• Low Latency

4. AV1 Overview
AV1 (AOMedia Video One) is an open video coding format designed for
internet delivery
Developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia), of which Amazon is
a founding member
AV1 aims to be more efficient that AVC and HEVC

5. AV1 benefits and status
Reduce video distribution bitrates to lower data egress, CDN, and
storage costs
Deliver higher quality over congested or low-bandwidth networks
AWS Elemental is working on AV1 encoding for both live and VOD
• Tell us about your use cases
AWS Elemental continues to improve VQ for all codecs

6. AWS Elemental Next Gen AV1 Demos
Live AV1 with QVBR ABR streaming
• 720p ABR stack showing good quality at ultra low bitrates
VOD AV1 with QVBR playback comparison to AVC
• Media encoded at ultra low bitrates using accelerated transcoding
for AV1 and AVC
• AV1 shows good HD video experience, AVC has visible artifacts
• Chrome or Firefox browsers required for AV1 playback

10. What Is QVBR?
A rate control that automatically adjusts to different kinds of content
• Single Pass
• Maximum Bitrate ( Network constraints )
• Quality Level ( Desired quality level )
Automatically saves bits when Desired Quality is reached
• No density/performance loss
• No additional latency
Support for AVC, HEVC and AV1 (when available)
Allow same bitrate configuration for all content!

11. 0
5
10
15
20
25
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Bitrate
Video Complexity
Max Bitrate (Network Bandwidth)
QVBR
No Wasted Bits – Bit Savings!
What Is QVBR?

12. Quality Level
QVBR Quality Level is from 1 - 10
• Level 8 – 9: Large-screen TV viewing
• Level 7: PC or Tablet viewing
• Level 6: Smart Phone viewing
Encoder automatically adjusts actual quantization
• Equalize distortion amongst different content signal
• Take advantage of human perceptual masking
No density, performance, or latency loss
• Built upon statistics developed for perceptual AQ, MD, RC
Up to 20-50% Bit Reduction for Average or High VQ Max Bitrates

15. AWS Elemental Per-Title Encoding
QVBR saves on storage and bandwidth, but does not optimize the bitrate
ladder of an ABR output
Goals of per-title encoding is to illuminate unrequired renditions, saving
even more storage and bandwidth

16. Example: Timbers – Football Match
Input ladder – 12 renditions
Width Height QVBR Quality Setting Max Bitrate (Kbps) Frame Rate
640 360 5 365,000 15
640 360 7 600,000 15
768 432 6 900,000 30
768 432 7 1,500,000 30
960 540 7 1,500,000 30
960 540 7 2,500,000 30
1280 720 7 3,000,000 30
1280 720 8 3,500,000 30
1280 720 9 5,000,000 30
1920 1080 8 6,000,000 30
1920 1080 8 6,500,000 30
1920 1080 9 7,800,000 30

17. Per-Title encoding result
Final bitrate ladder – 7 renditions
Width Height QVBR Quality Setting Max Bitrate (Kbps) Frame Rate
640 360 5 365,000 15
640 360 7 600,000 15
768 432 6 900,000 30
768 432 7 1,500,000 30
960 540 7 1,500,000 30
960 540 7 2,500,000 30
1280 720 7 3,000,000 30
1280 720 8 3,500,000 30
1280 720 9 5,000,000 30
1920 1080 8 6,000,000 30
1920 1080 8 6,500,000 30
1920 1080 9 7,800,000 30

19. AWS Elemental MediaConnect Update
Live Video
Workflow
Video
On-Demand
Workflow
AWS Elemental
MediaLive
Live Video
Processing
AWS Elemental
MediaPackage
Origination and
JIT Packaging
Live Channel
Source
AWS Elemental
MediaStore
Media-Optimized
Storage and Origin
AWS Elemental
MediaTailor
Personalization
and Monetization
AWS Elemental
MediaConvert
File-Based
Video Processing
Devices
AWS Elemental
Live
On-Premises
Encoding
Amazon
CloudFront
CDN
Amazon
CloudFront
CDN
Amazon S3
Storage
Amazon S3
VOD Origin
AWS Step
Functions
WorkflowMedia Source
Files
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
Live Video
Transport
AWS Elemental MediaConnect is a high-
quality transport service for live video.

20. Cloud Contribution Using MediaConnect
AWS RegionOn-Premises
TransportContribution Encoding Packaging and Delivery
Client
Live Source
AWS Elemental
Live
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
AWS Elemental
MediaLive
AWS Elemental
MediaPackage
Amazon
CloudFront

21. B2B Distribution Using MediaConnect
On-PremisesAWS Region 1On-Premises
TransportContribution
Live Source
AWS Elemental
Live
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
AWS Region 2
Transport
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
Distribution

22. AWS MediaConnect Entitlements
• Entitlements allow you to give other AWS
account holders the right to subscribe to your
live content
• Decouple the subscription from the
entitlement
• Clearly define what resources belong to you
and the subscriber
• Secure content with SPEKE enabled
conditional access

23. Subscriber Shares Cost of Entitlements
• Content owners can specify the
percentage of data transfer costs assigned
to themselves and to their subscribers
• Share the cost of syndication, to reduce
expenses and simplify billing
• Content owner elects a 0-100% allocation
of data transfer fees to the subscriber

24. MediaConnect Entitlement Workflow
On-Premises On-PremisesAWS Region 1
Transport
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
AWS Region 2
Transport
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
Destination
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
Transport
ORIGINATORS
ACCOUNT
SUBSCRIBERS
ACCOUNT
Source

25. MediaConnect Entitlement Workflow
On-Premises AWS Region 1
Transport
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
AWS Region 2
Transport Destination
On-Premises
Transport
ORIGINATORS
ACCOUNT
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
SUBSCRIBERS
ACCOUNT
Source
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
SUBSCRIBER 2’s
ACCOUNT
On-Premises
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
AWS Elemental
MediaConnect
SUBSCRIBER 3’s
ACCOUNT
On-Premises

27. Extensions to Support Simple Cloud-Based Playout
Scheduler flexibility
• Update all or part of schedule in real time
• Event start must be at least 15 seconds from “now.”
Dynamic inputs
• Limit of 20 inputs as previously
• Up to 2 Live; remainder file
• Input file names may be updated in real time from schedule
Input clipping
• Start and duration; 0-based or timecode-based
Take now: switch to specified input ASAP

28. Actions Available
• Input Switch
• Ad Signaling (SCTE-35 splice insert & time signal)
• Ad Trigger Return
• Static Image Overlay enable / disable
• Pause / Resume Output
• Insert HLS Timed Metadata

30. What Is It?
Add statistical multiplexing to AWS Elemental MediaLive
• Rate control system for a pool of encoders sharing a common
transmission pipe
• Multiplexer and controller integrated into same service for better user
experience
Managed service statistical multiplexing solution
• Automatic 1:1 redundancy
• Cross availability zones
• “Native Cloud Statistical Multiplexing”

31. MediaLive Statistical Multiplexing Features
Initial support for SD and HD AVC
• HEVC including 4K release on the roadmap
• AVC and HEVC can be combined into one pool
• MPEG-2 is under consideration
First release focuses on the needs of Content Providers
• Meet their reliability, functional, and operational requirements for
primary distribution

32. Ease Of Use
CA
CA
GW
A
B
GW
A
B
CAS
Encoder
Encoder
Multiplex
AWS MX
AWS MX
AWS MX
PlayOut
PlayOut
PlayOut
PlayOut
AWS MX
AWS MX
AWS MX
Encoder
Encoder
Multiplex
AZ1
AZ2

33. Reliability
Full 1:1 active/active backup
• For encoder and multiplexer
• Fast redundancy switching 3-5s backup time
AWS automatically replaces a failed node (encoder)
• Typical in ~80s and less than 120s
• Full redundancy automatically restored.
• Remember: Availability = MTBF/(MTBF+MTTR)
Error protection and redundancy on links
• ZIXI, RIST, FEC on all external links
• RIST, FEC on all internal links

35. MediaConvert Accelerated Transcode
Accelerated Transcoding job:
1. Divide video file into pieces
2. Process in parallel
3. Combine when done

36. MediaConvert Accelerated Transcode
Enable per job using a single setting in AWS Elemental MediaConvert
• MediaConvert determines if job can be accelerated or not
• MediaConvert chooses optimal number of split tasks and starts
processing
• Each accelerated transcoding job uses a single slot in an on demand
queue
• Up to 25x improvement in performance
• Available in on demand pricing, professional tier, at no extra charge
• Single click configuration

38. MediaPackage Live-to-VOD
• Create VOD assets from live streams based on specified
start and end times
• Segment-accurate
• Available in UI and API

39. MediaPackage VOD
• Ingest support:
• HLS/TS muxed or unmuxed (live or VOD profile), Multiple MP4s with SMIL
manifest
• Packaging: HLS/DASH/CMAF-HLS/MSS
• DASH support: Single Period $Number$ with SegmentTimeline
• DRM via SPEKE (as per live)
• SCTE passthrough: HLS only

40. MediaPackage VOD Workflow
Amazon
CloudFront
Content Delivery Network
Third-Party
CDN
AWS Elemental
MediaPackage
Origination and
JIT Packaging
Amazon S3
Third-Party
Transcoder
AWS Elemental
MediaConvert
AWS Elemental
Server
Video Transcoder
ABR stored in Amazon
S3 is ingested into an
AWS Elemental VOD
packaging group

42. 45+
seconds
30
seconds
20
seconds
10
seconds
8
seconds
6
seconds
4
seconds
2
seconds
1
seconds 200 ms
BUSINESSUSECASES
DISTRIBUTION
TECHNOLOGY
TYPICALL
BROADCAST
LATENCY
LIVE SPORTS
GAMBLING, BETTING
LIVE AUCTIONS
VOICE
10s Segments
6s Segments
2s Segments
1s Segments
Chunked mp4
WebRTC
SUB-SECONDULTRA-LOW LATENCYLOW LATENCYLEGACY LATENCY RANGE

43. Contributors to HTTP Streaming Latency
Capture
8%Encoding
29%
Ingest
5%
Delivery
3%
Last Mile
5%
Player
50%

44. Intrinsic Latency
Capture
8%Encoding
29%
Latency caused during the production of the streams
• Contribution from location or studio
• Graphics
• Commentary
• Encoding

45. Reducing Intrinsic Latency
Capture
8%Encoding
29%
• Use uncompressed feeds
• Use low latency mezzanine codecs
• Consider GOP lengths
• Reduce processing steps
• Encode early

46. Network Latency
Ingest
5%
Delivery
3%
Last Mile
5%
• Protocols (TCP, HTTP, HLS / DASH)
• Round trip times
• Bandwidth available
• CDN Caching behaviors

47. Reducing Network Latency
Ingest
5%
Delivery
3%
Last Mile
5%
• Reduce hops
• Use performance origin
• Locate origin in region closest to
viewers

48. Forward Buffer Latency
Player
50%
• Good for QoS
• Prevents rebuffering
• The buffer the player chooses to start with

49. Reducing Forward Buffer Latency
Player
50%
• Shorter segments
• Make fragments available while encoding

50. Encoder Origin & CDN Player
M
O
O
F
MDAT
M
O
O
F
MDAT
M
O
O
F
MDAT
M
O
O
F
MDAT
M
O
O
F
MDAT
Chunked Encoding & Chunked Transfer

51. 2 sec2 sec 2 sec 2 sec 2 sec 2 sec
SEGMENT 1 SEGMENT 2 SEGMENT 3 SEGMENT 4
SEGMENT 4
3s latency
NO CHUNKS
MP4 CHUNKS
SEGMENT 1 SEGMENT 2 SEGMENT 3 SEGMENT 4
SEGMENT 5
SEGMENT 5
SEGMENT 5
1s latency
Delayed Stream Start

52. AWS Elemental MediaStore Performance
AWS Elemental MediaStore
~175ms, flat and predictable
Amazon S3
~350ms, occasional spikes to 1s

53. Low Latency Video Workflow
Amazon
CloudFront
Content Delivery Network
Third-Party
CDN
AWS Elemental
Live
Third-Party
Encoder / Transcoder
AWS Elemental
MediaStore
Object storageEncoder

54. 감사합니다