This document provides an overview of various theories of organization and management. It begins with definitions of key terms like organization and organizational management. It then discusses the history and development of organizational theories from classical theories like scientific management and bureaucracy to modern theories like systems theory, contingency theory, and chaos theory. The document provides details on prominent theorists and their contributions to different theories. It aims to explain how theories have sought to conceptualize how organizations are designed, function, and are administered.

1. Theories on Organization
Management
Presenters:
Anup Aacharya
Irshad Ali Shekh
Prakriti Pradhan
Sahina Maharjan
Surendra K. Bohara
MICD 3rd Batch, 3rd Semester
Date: 7th February 2016

2. At Nutshell:
 Introduction to: Organization, theory of organization management
 History/background on Theories of organization management
 Dealing with why of theories and detail on:
 Classical theories
 Neo-classical theories
 System based theories
 Contingency theories
 Chaos theories
 Conclusion

3. Organization
 A social group with collective goal.
 Greek word organon (ergon) - means
`organ` - and it means a compartment
for a particular job.
“Organization is defined as the structure or
network of relationship among individuals
and positions in a work setting and the
process by which the structure is created,
maintained and used.”
- Dalton E. McFarland

4. Organizational Management
 The process of organizing, planning,
leading and controlling resources within
an entity with the overall aim of achieving
its objectives.
 The organizational management of a
business needs to be able to make
decisions and resolve issues in order to be
both effective and beneficial.

5. Organizational theories
 Organizarional theory is a loosely knit family of many approaches to organizational analysis. Its theme, questions, methods and
explanatory modes are extremely diverse.
 Organizational theory is not a single theory. Dwight Waldo noted in a review of field work in 1978 : "Organization theory is
characterized by vogues, heterogeneity, claims and counterclaims“
 Develop and explain the concept of how organization is effectively:
 designed,
 functioned
 administered
a/c to Jeffrey Pfeffer:
a) The effect of social organizations on the behavior and attitudes of individuals within them,
b) The effects of individual characteristics and action on organization,
c) The performance, success, and survival of organizations,
d) The mutual effects of environments, including resource and task, political, and cultural environments on organizations and vice
versa, and
e) Concerns with both the epistemology and methodology that undergird research on each of these topics."

6. Outcome of theories on organization
Organizational theory is not a single theory. Dwight Waldo noted in a review of field work in 1978 :
"Organization theory is characterized by vogues, heterogeneity, claims and counterclaims"
Roughly there are six types of structure:
 Pre-bureaucratic structures
 Bureaucratic structures
 Post-bureaucratic
 Functional structure
 Divisional structure
 Matrix structure

7. Background on theories of Organization
 Changing the meaning with changing societies: Asiatic, Agricultural, feudalistic, imperialistic, industrialization.
 Modern organization theory is rooted in concepts developed during the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in
the late 1800s and early 1900s.
 Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915)- book “Principles of Scientific Management”-implemented on American factory
floors
 Max Weber (1864-1920) presented bureaucratic model to the organization management
 In the early 1900s was Henri Fayol identified: strategic planning, staff recruitment, employee motivation, and
employee guidance (via policies and procedures) as important management functions in creating and nourishing a
successful organization.

8. Background…
 Hawthorn studies (Elton Mayo, 1930s) focused on human influence/factor (Maslow's need hierarchy) of
organization management emphasing on:
 the importance of individual and group interaction,
 humanistic management skills, and
 social relationships in the workplace.
 Douglas McGregor (mid 1900s)-Theory of X and Y
 Open System theory (1960s)
 Theory Z (1980s-90s): a blending of American and Japanese management practices

9. What are organizational theories then?
• Scientific Management
approach
• Weber's Bureaucratic
approach
• Administrative theory
Classical
Organizational
Theories
• Humanistic model
Neoclassical
Theory
• Systems approach
• Socio-technical
approach
• Contingency or
Situational approach
Modern
Organization
Theory

11. Taylor's principles of scientific management
It treats worker as no better than a machine and lays more emphasis on the
formal organization structure.
 Science, not rule-of-thumb;
 Scientific selection of the worker
 Management and labour cooperation rather than conflict
 Scientific training of workers

12. Weber's bureaucratic approach (1947)
 Structure: hierarchy based positions
 Specialization: chain of command and unity of
command
 Predictability and stability: formal rules and
regulations
 Rationality: on recruitment and selection
 Democracy: on decision making and responsibility
 Span of control

13. Henry Fayol's principles of management: Administrative theory
(1949)
Fayol, Gulick, and Urwick put forward the principles of administration based on the primacy of the
organization in terms of importance.

14. Neo-classical or Humanistic Theory:
 Less formal, less control.
 More participation in decision making with decision authority at the point of service.
 Results in a flat structure developed along horizontal lines with fewer levels of management.
 Communication is enhanced, but managers can be overburdened.
 Human Relations Approach theory was propounded by Elton Mayo, Kurt Lewin.
 This theory looks upon the workers as a whole man, with his feelings, motives, aspirations and the like.
 The theory emphasizes on treating he worker as a human being, who is also a member of a team.
 According to this theory non-economic rewards play a vital role in motivation.

15. Principles of the neoclassical approach
Based on Hawthorne experiment, productivity can be increased
through social and human relations at:
 Individual
 Work Group
 Participative Management

16. Modern theories
 Bernard (1938) gave the first modern and comprehensive view of management
 Von Bertalanffy (1951) made a significant contribution by suggesting a component of general systems theory
which is accepted as a basic premise of modern theory
 Based on the concept of systematic arrangement for objectives (Hicks and Gullet, 1975).
Modern understanding of the theories includes:
1. The system approach
2. Socio-technological theory
3. Contingency or situational approach

17. Systems Theory
Emphasized by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy and Kenneth Boulding. It has been applied to business by Seymour
Tilles, danielkatz, Robert Kahn and others.
 It treats organization as a system, which is partly economic, partly technical, partly political and partly
social.
 Productivity is viewed as a function of the interplay among people, structure, and the environment.
 The organization is a complex social and technical open system that requires human, financial, and
material resources.

18. Open System Theory (1960s)
 The term "open systems“= open for change to the externalities.

19. Management By Objective (MBO)
A process whereby the superior and subordinate managers
of an organization jointly identify its common goals, define
each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of
the results expected of him and use these measures as
guides for operating the unit and assessing the
contributions of each of its members.
- (George S. Odiorne, management by objective, 1966)

20. Organizational Humanism
 Its exponents are Chris Argyris, Rensis Likert, Douglas McGregor.
 It focusses the self actualization, self directing and self controlling tendencies of individuals.
 One of the theories of Organizational Humanism is by Douglas McGregor Theory Y.
 The theory is based on Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy.
 According to this theory man exercises self direction and self control in which he is committed, and is also
associated with their achievement and reward on it.
 The task of management therefore is to create opportunities, realizing potential, removing obstacle,
encouraging growth and provide guidance.

21. Theory of X and Y
 Douglas McGregor (1950s)
 Independence
 Responsibility
 Motivation
 Nature of work
 Drive themselves
to work.

22. Contingency Theory
The organization’s structure must be matched to its environment
to enhance performance.
The factors that the manager should take into account in
analyzing are:
 the external environment,
 the technology used, and
 the staff of the organization.

23. Chaos (disorder) Theory
 Based upon the belief in the uncertainty and unpredictability of the environment, chaos theory
asserts that organizations are living, self-organizing systems that are complex and self-adaptive.
 The system moves between order and chaos and is only stable temporarily.

24. Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational
Management Robert Wood and Albert
Bandura (1989)
 Is triadic reciprocal causation of psychological functioning so as for organization

25. Conclusion

26. Conclusion..