သံခင္းတမန္ခင္း အေရးအရာမ်ား၏ သေဘာကို မိတ္ဆက္တင္ျပထား ျခင္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။

1. Diplomacy
Presented by
Aung Ko Ko Toe

2. Diplomacy
What is Diplomacy?
What is Diplomat?
Diplomacy ဆိုတာ သံခင္း တမန္ခင္း ။
Diplomat ဆိုတာ သံတမန္။

3. Modern diplomacy's origins are often traced to the states
of Northern Italy in the early Renaissance, with the first
embassies being established in the thirteenth century.
Francesco Sforza who established permanent embassies
to the other cities states of Northern Italy. It was in Italy
that many of the traditions of modern diplomacy began,
such as the presentation of an ambassador's credentials
to the head of state.
France and Spain became increasingly involved in Italian
politics the need to accept emissaries was recognized.
The elements of modern diplomacy slowly spread to
Eastern Europe and arrived in Russia by the early
eighteenth century.
History of Diplomacy

4. • Napoleon also refused to acknowledge diplomatic
immunity.
• After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of
1815 established an international system of
diplomatic rank. Disputes on precedence among
nations (and the appropriate diplomatic ranks used)
• Permanent foreign ministries were established in
almost all European states to coordinate embassies
and their staffs.
• France, which boasted the largest foreign affairs
department, had only 70 full-time employees in the
1780s.

5. Diplomacy
Definitions of
Diplomacy
The Management of International Relations By
Negotiation.
The application of intelligence and tact to the
conduct of Official relations between
governments of independent States.
Recent Diplomatic practice by Non-state
Actors; IOs, Human Rights Groups and MNCs

6. Diplomacy
Introduction of
Diplomacy
The process of Conducting Communication
among States through Officially Recognized
Representatives
A major dimension of Foreign Policy with
Foreign Ministers and their Diplomats living
abroad
The Brain of State Power. (Not Brain of the
State)

7. What is Diplomacy
“Diplomacy is neither the invention nor the
pastime of some particular political system,
but is an essential element in any reasonable
relation between man and man and between
nation and nation.”

8. Diplomacy
Diplomacy Main Two Works
1. Negotiation
ေးဆဆ ေးး ြးး ညးး း းင္း း ခင္း
2. Bargaining ေေပ - ေယူ
• Negotiation
• The diplomat should be an excellent negotiator but,
above all, a catalyst for peace and understanding
between peoples. The diplomat's principal role is to
foster peaceful relations between states. This role takes
on heightened importance once war breaks out.
Negotiation must necessarily continue but within
significantly altered contexts.
• Without it many nations would not be able to conduct
successful negotiations.

9. Value of Diplomacy
Value of Diplomacy
A cost-effective way of head off problems
such Wars and Trade Conflicts

10. Origin of Diplomacy
Origin of Diplomacy
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 created the first
modern diplomatic congress in addition to
creating a new world order in central Europe
based on state sovereignty. Much of Europe
began to change after the introduction of
modern diplomacy.
The Congress of Vienna, 1815

11. Treaties Governing Diplomatic
Relations Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations - 1961
• Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations -
1963
• Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
Convention on Special Missions - 1969
• Convention on Special Missions

12. International Relations &
Diplomacy
International
Relations
State, President,
General, Diplomat,
Minister, Society,
Individual
Foreign Minister
Offices &
Embassy
Diplomac
y

13. Form of Diplomacy
 Most Diplomacy Bilateral Diplomacy
 The Rise of Multilateral Diplomacy since 19th Century
 Multilateral Conferences
 UN Conference of Population and Development
(Cairo, 1994)
UN World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995)
-country representatives try to move toward
agenda setting programs for international society
- non-state actors attempt to influence the rules
and norms of any agreements made

14. Traditional Diplomacy Old
diplomacy
Modern Diplomacy New diplomacy
Old or Traditional Diplomacy till the
end of 18th Century Bilateral
Diplomacy
Modern Diplomacy the 19th Century <
Multilateral Diplomacy

15. Structure
Process
Agenda
Traditional
Diplomacy
Modern Diplomacy

16. Feature of Traditional Diplomacy
- a communication process between recognizably
modern states rather than other forms of political
organization
- Europe - centric
-The main actors ; the Five Big Powers (England,
France, Prussia, Austria
,Spain)
- Most of Asia, Africa and Latin America
Structur
e

17. - Organizing Largely on a Bilateral basis
- Undertaking in secrecy characterized by distinctive
rules and Procedures
- The Development of Diplomatic Protocol and a
series of rights, privileges and immunities
Feature of Traditional Diplomacy
Proces
s

18. Feature of Traditional Diplomacy
- Parochial and Narrow
-Set up by the underdeveloped State of bilateral
relationships between States
- the preoccupations of Political Leaders
- The signification contribution of Traditional
Diplomacy >>>> the century of Peace in Europe b/t
1815 - 1914
Agend
a

19. Feature of Modern Diplomacy
- The Major Actors States
- Non-state actors like IGOs and NGOs
- Well-establishment of permanent Embassies
abroad
Structur
e

20. Feature of Modern Diplomacy
- Becoming a more complicated activity involving
States and Non-state Actors
- Bilateral negotiations on a state to state basis
- Multilateral Negotiation of groups of States in IGOs
like the UN and with other NGOs
Proces
s

21. Agend
a
Feature of Modern Diplomacy
 A number of new issues;
- Low Politics (Economic, Social and Welfare)
- High Politics (Military Issues and issues of
War and Peace)

22. Functions of Diplomacy
These Functions Focus on the Diplomatic crops headed by an
Ambassador
 Representing State
Interest
 Symbolic Representation
 Obtaining Information
 Promoting and Protecting
the Interests of Nations
 Policymaking by
Diplomats

23. • Diplomacy has existed since the beginning of the human race.
• The act of conducting negotiations between two persons, or
two nations at a large scope is essential to the upkeep of
international affairs.
• Among the many functions of diplomacy, some include
preventing war and violence, and fortifying relations between
two nations.
• Diplomacy is most importantly used to complete a specific
agenda.
• Therefore without diplomacy, much of the world’s affairs would
be abolished, international organizations would not exist, and
above all the world would be at a constant state of war.
• It is for diplomacy that certain countries can exist in harmony.
Functions of Diplomacy

24. First Function of Diplomacy
• The first function involves “representing a state’s interests and
conducting negotiations or discussions designed to identify
common interests as well as areas of disagreement between the
parties, for the purpose of achieving the state’s goals and avoiding
conflict”
• Representations of a state as well as negotiation are the most
important functions of diplomacy.
• Negotiations between two representatives are a key component in
diplomacy, because in doing so the representatives find a common
interest.
• Finding a common interest is vital in conducting negotiations
because with a common interest representatives are able to devise
a solution that is in the interest of both sides.

25. Second Function of Diplomacy
• The second function of diplomacy involves “the
gathering of information and subsequent
identification and evaluation of the receiving
state’s foreign policy goals” (Ameri 1).
• Diplomatic posts are concerned with gathering
information; however when the information is
sent back to their native country a Foreign
Ministry analyzes the data and determines what
foreign policy should be enacted. Political leaders
choose what path is right for their country then.

26. Third Function of Diplomacy
• The third major function of diplomacy is
expansion of political, economic, and cultural ties
between two countries (Ameri 2).
• For example, after WWII countries such as the
United States and Britain aimed their foreign
policy at the extermination of communism. In
present day, the United States State Department
engages international audiences to speak about
politics, security, and their values to help create
an environment receptive to US national
interests.

27. Final or Fourth Function of Diplomacy
• Finally, the fourth function of diplomacy is
that “diplomacy is the facilitating or enforcing
vehicle for the observation of international
law” (Ameri 2).
• It is the diplomat’s job to promote the
country’s national interests and keep ties with
other countries open.

28. • Embassy
A diplomatic mission located in the capital city of another country which generally offer a full
range of services, including consular services.
• High Commission
An embassy of a Commonwealth country located in another Commonwealth country.
• Permanent Mission
A diplomatic mission to a major international organization.
• Consulate General
A diplomatic mission located in a major city, other than the capital city, which provides a full
range of services, including consular services.
• Consulate
A diplomatic mission that is similar to a consulate general, but which does not provide a full
range of services.
• Consulate Headed by Honorary Consul
A diplomatic mission headed by an Honorary Consul which provides only a limited range of
services.
Types of Diplomatic Missions

29. Diplomatic privileges and
immunities
Diplomatic privileges and immunities guarantee
that diplomatic agents or members of their
immediate family:
• May not be arrested or detained
• May not have their residences entered and
searched
• May not be subpoenaed as witnesses
• May not be prosecuted

30. Henry A. Kissinger
German-born American
political scientist and
diplomat Henry Kissinger
won the Nobel Peace Prize
for his joint efforts with
Le Duc Tho of North
Vietnam to negotiate a
peaceful settlement of the
Vietnam War. He served as
National Security Advisor
and Secretary of State for
both Richard Nixon and
Gerald Ford. Kissinger
played a significant role in
United States foreign policy
between 1969 and 1977.
NAME: Henry Kissinger
OCCUPATION: Diplomat, Political
Scientist
BIRTH DATE: May 27, 1923 (Age: 90)
EDUCATION: Harvard University
PLACE OF BIRTH: Furth, Germany
Full Name: Henry Alfred Kissinger
ZODIAC SIGN: Gemini

31. A Diplomat
• A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to
conduct diplomacy with another state or
international organization.
• The main functions of diplomats revolve around
the representation and protection of the
interests and nationals of the sending state, as
well as the promotion of information and
friendly relations.

32. The Ranks of Diplomats
• ambassador, envoys, ministers, and chargé
d’affaires — are determined by international
law, namely the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations of 1961.
• Diplomats can be contrasted with consuls,
attachés, who represent their state in a
number of administrative ways, but who don’t
have the diplomat’s political functions.

33. သံရံးိုး တာဝန္ခံမူက ြဲ (၂) မ
Charge d’ affaires en titre
သံရံို ေ မြဲတမ္း တာဝန္ခံမာ
Charge d’ affaires ad interim
သံရံို ယာယတာဝန္ခံမာ
1. Ambassador
သံေမတၾ
2. Envoy သံေမတ္
3. Minister Resident
ဌာေးနသံမ
4. Charge d’ affaires
သံရံးိုး တာဝန္ခံ
Traditional
Diplomacy

34. Modern Diplomacy
Bilateral Diplomacy
1. Ambassador (High Commissioner in
Commonwealth missions)
2. Minister သံေမတ္
3. Minister-Counselor သံမ ၾက
4. Counselor ေး ာငစစ္ဝန္ (သံမ )
5. First Secretary ပထမ ေဆတင္း ဝန္
6. Second Secretary ဒိုတယေဆတင္း ဝန္
7. Third Secretary တတယေဆတင္း ဝန္
8. Attache’ သံမ
9. Assistant Attache’ လ ္ေးထာ သ ံမ

35. Modern Diplomacy
Multilateral Diplomacy
• Ambassador at Large သံေမတၾ
(ေထူ ောဏာ ိုန္လႊးြဲေပ္း ခင္း ခံေရသာသံေမတၾ ) သံရံးိုး ေၾက ေ ြဲ
• Permanent Representative ေ မြဲတမ္း ိုယစာ လယး္
• Resident Representative
ေ မြဲေးန ိုယစာ လယ္(ဌာေးန ိုယစာ လယ္)
• Special Ambassador
ေထူ ေးစလႊတ္း ခင္း ခံေရသာသံေမတၾ
• U.S Trade Representative ေေမရ န္ကုန္န္သယ္ေးရ ိုယစာ လယ္

36. • Ask about educational requirements, like professional
degrees, preferred fields of study and whether you
must become proficient in other languages.
• Learn as many different languages as you can.
• Know about other qualifications, such as whether you
must be a natural born citizen and whether you must
meet certain age requirements. For example,
applicants in the United States must be between the
ages of 21 and 59.
• Most diplomats have university degrees in
international relations, political science, economics, or
law.[2]
How to become a Diplomat

37. Consider your personal qualifications.
• Assess your physical readiness. Diplomats must receive medical
clearance that they are able to travel broadly and live in areas with
limited access to healthcare facilities.
• Determine whether you would pass security clearance.
Governments perform background checks to confirm that
applicants have no criminal background, are financially responsible
and have not abused drugs or alcohol.
• Decide whether you possess the right temperament to relocate to
any country your government sends you to and to uphold your
government’s policies even though you may not agree with them.
• Reflect on your ability to speak effectively through an interpreter
and your ability to negotiate and persuade without antagonizing
others. Diplomats also must be able to adapt to living among
people of diverse cultures

38. Non – Spiritual Mindset For a
Diplomat
• While posted overseas, there is a danger that
diplomats may become disconnected from
their own country and culture.
• Sir Harold Nicolson acknowledged that
diplomats can become "denationalised,
internationalised and therefore dehydrated,
an elegant empty husk".

39. Skill For a Diplomat
• The need for skilled individuals to staff embassies was met by
the graduates of universities, and this led to an increase in the
study of international law, modern languages.
• diplomats the capacity for more immediate input about the
policy-making processes in the home capital by secure
communication systems, emails and mobile telephones.
• for taken Information, Known Journalism.
• Must be change Color in appropriate place as vase-visa.

40. Foreign Embassy in Myanmar (Yangon)
1. Australia
2. Bangladesh
3. China
4. Egypt
5. Germany
6. India
7. Indonesia
8. Israel
9. Italy
10. Japan
11. Korea
12. Laos
13. Malaysia
14. Nepal
15. Paskistan
16. Philippines
17. Russian Federation
18. Singapore
19. Sri Lanka
20. Thailand
21. U K
22. U S A
23. Vietnam