subaltern classes media communication

1. ‫الرحیم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫ہللا‬ ‫بسم‬

2. Supervisor
Dr. Zafar Iqbal Sb
Chairman Mass Media Department
presented by
Atif Sherazi
MS( Media Studies)
IIUI

3. • History of the Subaltern Classes;
• The Concept of ‘’ Ideology”
• Cultural Themes; Ideological Material
Topic

4. Antonio Gramsci1891-1937
• Born in Sardinia, Italy, in January of 1891,
The Prison Notebooks were a series
of essays written by the Italian Marxist
Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci was imprisoned by
the Italian Fascist regime in 1926. The
notebooks were written between 1929 and
1935, when Gramsci was released from prison
on grounds of ill-health. He died in April 1937.

6. Introduction
• 1.The term subaltern is used
in postcolonial theory.
• 2. The exact meaning of the term in current
philosophical and critical usage is disputed.
• 3. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak use it in a more
specific sense. She argues that subaltern is not
just a classy word for oppressed, for Other, for
somebody who's not getting a piece of the
pie....

7. • The term subaltern derives from Latin sub -
(below, under) plus alter (other)
oralternus (alternate), which
produced subalternus (subordinate). It
designated a lower-ranking, even an inferior,
individual. In the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, subaltern was employed as a military
term. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries,
under the influence of Marxism, nationalism,
postcolonialist theory, and
feminism, subaltern has come to be used broadly
to represent subordination in social, political,
religious, and economic hierarchies.

9. What is colonialism
• Colonialism is the control that a country or government holds over the territory
and the people in a foreign country. England colonized many areas in the
world. They had colonies in India, colonized Ireland and parts of North
America. Spain also had colonies in the Americas as did France. Colonialism has
existed at one time or another in almost every continent in the world. The
Dutch also colonized parts of the globe.
• The concept of Colonialism is to be used in a method of expansion of a country's
ownership of land, resources, and economic advancement. Some of the
countries who were most active in setting up new colonies seemed to believe
that it was their duty to help bring less educated and poorer societies into their
fold so they could teach them a new culture and expand their horizons. Some
countries simply did it to get their hands on the material resources of the new
country.

10. Colonialism

11. Subalterns in Colonialism

12. What is colonialism
• Colonialism is the basis of the concept of mercantilism,
which is an imperial idea that suggests that colonies exist
for the benefit of the mother country and should be
governed accordingly. When a country develops colonies,
or acquires them, it becomes an empire. "The sun never
sets on the British Empire" because at any given time, the
sun was up somewhere in the world where a British colony
existed.
• There are other types of colonialism, such as economic
colonialism. When your economy is the dominant source
of trade and jobs for another country or region, it could be
said to be a type of economic colony of the larger one.
• like 1dislike 0

13. Colonialism

14. post-colonialism:
• By definition, postcolonialism is a period of
time after colonialism, and postcolonial
literature is typically characterized by its
opposition to the colonial. However, some
critics have argued that any literature that
expresses an opposition to colonialism, even if
it is produced during a colonial period, may be
defined as postcolonial, primarily due to its
oppositional nature.

15. Post colonialism

16. post-colonialism:
• post-colonialism: Broadly a study of the effects of colonialism
on cultures and societies. It is concerned with both how
European nations conquered and controlled "Third World"
cultures and how these groups have since responded to and
resisted those encroachments. Post-colonialism, as both a
body of theory and a study of political and cultural change,
has gone and continues to go through three broad stages:
– an initial awareness of the social, psychological, and
cultural inferiority enforced by being in a colonized state
– the struggle for ethnic, cultural, and political autonomy
– a growing awareness of cultural overlap and hybridity
•

17. Subaltern Meaning
• Subaltern, meaning ‘of inferior rank’, is a term
adopted by Antonio Gramsci to refer to those
groups in society who are subject to the
hegemony of the ruling classes.
• http://histheory.tripod.com/subaltern.html

18. SUBALTERN
1. In postcolonial terms, everything that has limited or no
access to the cultural imperialism is subaltern-a space of
difference. Now who would say that's just the oppressed?
The working class is oppressed. It's not subaltern. Many
people want to claim subalternity. Subaltern was first used
in a non-military sense by Marxist Antonio Gramsci.
2.The subaltern classes, by dentition, are not united
and cannot unite until they are able to become a
“State” their history, therefore, is intertwined with
that of civil society, and thereby with the history of
States and groups of States.

19. • The term subaltern is used in postcolonial theory. The
exact meaning of the term in current philosophical
and critical usage is disputed.
• Antonio Gramsci used it to refer to a group of people
oppressed in the society.
• Subaltern was first used in a non-military sense
by Marxist Antonio Gramsci.
• Antonio used it to refer to a group of people
oppressed in society
• http://anilpinto.blogspot.com/2011/02/history-of-subaltern-classes-concept-of.html

20. • A subaltern is someone with a low ranking in a
social, political, or other hierarchy. It can also mean
someone who has been marginalized or oppressed.
• From the Latin roots sub- ("below"),
and alternus ("all others"),subaltern is used to
describe someone of a low rank (as in the military)
or class (as in a caste system). Subalterns occupy
entry-level jobs or occupy a lower rung of the
"corporate ladder." But the term is also used to
describe someone who has no political or economic
power, such as a poor person living under a
dictatorship.
• Definitions of subaltern

21. History of the Subaltern Classes
• In the state there are two groups one is the
ruling classes and the other is the subaltern
classes. Ruling classes those who handling the
State power. They are the dominating
class. The Subaltern classes are part the ‘civil
society’. They are intertwined with the civil
society, and thereby with the history of the
States and the groups of State.

23. Subaltern Classes
• Subaltern classes may include peasants, workers
and other groups denied access to ‘hegemonic’
power. Since the history of the ruling classes is
realized in the state, history being the history of
states and dominant groups, Gramsci was
interested in the historiography of the subaltern
classes
• http://histheory.tripod.com/subaltern.html

24. Subalterns of Subcontinent

25. SUBALTERN CLASSES
• In the state there are two groups one is the ruling
classes and the other is the subaltern classes.
• Ruling classes those who handling the State
power. They are the dominating class.
• The Subaltern classes are part the ‘civil society’.
• They are intertwined with the civil society, and
thereby with the history of the States and the
groups of State.

28. The Concept of ‘Ideology’ and Cultural Themes:
Ideological Material

29. The Concept of ‘Ideology’ and Cultural Themes:
Ideological Material
1.Ideology’was an aspect of ‘sensationalism’.
Different meanings of ‘ideology’ was ‘science
of ideas, analysis of ideas’ and ‘investigation
of the original ideas’. Ideas derived from
sensations.
2.Ideology contains a negative value judgment in
Marxist philosophy, the Ideology as the ‘Base’
and praxis as a superstructure.

30. Ideology assumed
• Ideology assumed a negative value judgment in
Marxist philosophy. Must be analyzed as a
superstructure.
• Ideology as distinct from structure – structure changes
ideology, not the opposite.
• Given political solution is “ideological”
• Ideology is pure appearance, useless

31. CULTURAL THEMES – IDEOLOGICAL
MATERIAL
• 1.Ideological structure influences by cultural media
the press (books, newspapers, periodicals, etc.) as
well as libraries, associations, clubs, even
architecture and layout of the streets cultural
propaganda. Ideology is molded by media culture,
in overt and discreet ways.
• 2. Schools have both coercive and non-coercive
influence i.e. mandatory education and education
at the discretion of the curriculum planner or
instructor.

32. The main elements of error in assessing the value of
ideologies within Marxist philosophy are….
• 1. The base always determines the super
structure but the super structure cannot
determine the base.
• 2. If any political solution is ideological, it is
side-lined as being impractical and inferior.
• 3. Ideology is only superficial; it does not have
any concrete effects.

33. References
• http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Subaltern.aspx
• http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-
9780199730414-0174.xml
• http://via.lib.harvard.edu/via/deliver/chunkDisplay?_collection=via&inoID=385882&recordN
umber=9&chunkNumber
• http://www.enotes.com/topics/postcolonialism/critical-essays/postcolonialism
• http://anilpinto.blogspot.com/2011/02/history-of-subaltern-classes-concept-of.html
•
• http://anilpinto.blogspot.com/2011/02/history-of-subaltern-classes-concept-of.html
•
• http://histheory.tripod.com/subaltern.html
• https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=picture+of+prision+notebook&biw=1024&bih=667&t
bm=isch&imgil=-Vul-SjFqfXckM%253A%253BjmxKxSiW5sUL-
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