1. Landscape Approaches: The Place
of Agroforestry, afforestation and
Agroforestry
reforestation in REDD+
Peter A Minang, Meine van Noordwijk and Valentina
Robiglio
ASB Partnership at World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and
International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
Forest Day 5, Durban South Africa
04 December 2011
The Starting Point!!!!
• Agroforestry,
reforestation and
afforestation constitute
very relevant strategies
for alleviating
pressures on f forests
t
and significantly
contributing to REDD+
co-benefits in a
landscape approach to
p pp
REDD+.

2. Mosaic Landscapes in Indonesia and
Kenya: The dominant Reality
h d l
Landscape Approaches
• For Analyzing and • For Planning and
Understanding Implementing REDD+
REDD+ • Jurisdictional
• Drivers off Implementation
deforestation beyond (Province- DRC; District-
the forests Vietnam; Around
protected Areas
Areas,
• Interactions at
Community Forests-
various scales-
Kisagau, Kenya)
Individuals,
d dua s,
“communities”, sub- • Bundled ecosystem
national, national, services e.g. watersheds-
global trade etc CARE Ulugurus in
Tanzania

3. Discussion Point No. 1
No
• Agroforestry
Agroforestry,
Afforestation and
Reforestation can
be part of REDD+
depending on the
definition of
forest in a given
country
Forest Definition Vs
Agroforests
 Parameters: • Natural Forest TO logging
 Minimum tree crown TO into fastwood plantations
= NO Deforestation
cover between 10 and
30%
• Most tree crop production
d i
 Minimum tree height
and agroforestry systems do
between 2 and 5 m meet the minimum
 Minimum land area requirements of forest;
between 0.05 and 1.0
hectare • Swiddening and shifting
 T
Temporarily unstocked
il t k d cultivation not a d i
l i i driver of
f
areas (without time limit to deforestation, as long as the
‘temporarily’) remain fallow phase can be expected
‘forest’ as long as a forester
forest to reach minimum tree
thinks they will, can or height and crown cover;
should return to tree cover
conditions.

4. 10% 20%
6700 km2 = 2.8% of land area 36,000 km2 = 14.9% of land area
30%
Implications
of forest
definition 1-
A/R Uganda
Zomer et al. 2008
69,300 km2 = 28.6% of land area

5. Discussion Point No. 2
No
• Agroforestry can
support programs
to
t control
t l
deforestation as a
sustainable
intensification
strategy
Can I
C Intensification spare forests?
ifi i f ?
• Higher Yield =
more food on same
land area
• Therefore sparing
more land for forest
conservation
• Therefore
potentially resolve
i ll l
Agriculture – REDD
Rudel et al., 2009
al conflict?????

6. Reflections I: what does
intensification mean?
i ifi i ?
• Increasing yield per hectare( possibly with
increase costs in labour and capital inputs;
• Increasing cropping intensity (i.e. two or more
crops) per unit of land or other inputs (e.g.
water);
)
• Change land use from low-value crops or
commodities to high value market priced
commodities (Pretty et al 2011)
al.
In the 1990’s loss of
natural cover increased
the amount of ‘low C‐
stock’/low economic
value land; tree (crop)
value land; tree (crop)
planting was 28% of the
loss of natural forest
area
After 2000 planting of
tree (crop)s equals 90%
of concurrent loss of
of concurrent loss of
natural forest; the
amount of low C‐
stock/low economic
value land decreases

7. Change in cereal production due to change in area
and yield
Sub- Saharan Africa Asia
Food Security Benefits?

8. Carbon and Profitability-
Column 3
C l
Discussion Point No. 3
No
• Increased production of
timber and fuelwood
on-farm and in
rotational wood-lots
can potentially reduce
emissions from forest
degradation especially
in instances of
restricted access to
forests or limited
supply in “open access”
pp y p
forests.

9. Trees,
Trees timber and wood trends
‘The proportion of trees on farms and in forests
varies considerabl among countries, but
aries considerably co ntries b t
two trends seem almost universal in the
tropics:
-- the number of trees in forests is
declining, and
-- the number on farms is increasing’
FAO. 2005.
FAO 2005 State of the World’s Forests
World s
Planted Forests from afforestation growing at 5 m ha Per year (FRA 2010)
A growing on-farm domestic timber sector
in Cameroon (Ghana, Sri Lanka,
Kenya????)…
3.0
30
Millions m3
2.0
M
1.0
0.0
2000 2005 2010
Official production
SSL informal production
f l d
Robiglio, V. et al. 2011.
Once SSL production is included the Submitted to Small Scale
overall value of national timber Forestry .
production doubles! 18

10. Timber increasingly sourced from
gy
agricultural / non-forest units
fallows, perennial crops and
f ll i l d
annual crops
19
Discussion Point No. 4
No
• Planting trees is not
enough. An enabling
legal and policy
environment that
guarantees tree
rights and ownership,
investments in and a
market infrastructure
for agroforestry and
tree-based systems
is necessary.

11. Intensification, multifunctionality and
investments needed (1)
i d d
• Find mechanisms to
• Intensification not reward agroforestry,
d f t
magic bullet- afforestation and
Potentially counter reforestation for
REDD environmental services
• Multiple policy • Carbon sequestration
instruments • Water quality
Needed • Biodiversity
•L d
Landscape l level
l conservation
ti
planning (Cross- • Adaptation (what
sectoral) units
units- how to
measure?)
Intensification, multifunctionality, policies
and investments needed ( )
d d d (2)
• Rights and ownership of trees, carbon and
land need to be addressed
• Adequate market infrastructure needed for
q
timber, non-timber tree products
y
• Increase economic incentives for ecosystems
services– Payments/ Rewards
• Address technical aspects (pests, diseases,
invasiveness, seeds and credit)
• Address potentially dangerous trade-of
challenges

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