2. Motivation
What is a motive?
from the Latin motus - to move
A motive is something that causes a person to act
(or move). It answers the question Why?
What is Motivation?
An inner drive or process
that causes a person to act
to fulfil a want or need.
3. Motivation is about finding out what your customers really
want and need and what they are willing to do to get it.
What would you do for a Klondike bar?
4. So what Motivates People?
NEEDS
Hedonic
Needs can be:
Biogenic
Psychogenic
Utilitarian
5. Cask & CreamCask & Cream
Reversing a Trend ofReversing a Trend of
Self-Denial, This AdSelf-Denial, This Ad
Illustrates a Shift inIllustrates a Shift in
Values TowardValues Toward
Pleasure and Self-Pleasure and Self-
indulgenceindulgence
6. Powerful underlying motives can
influence consumer behaviour.
Products and services that
relate, or might relate, to
attraction of the opposite sex, to
personal adornment, to status or
self-esteem, to power, to death, to
fears, or to social taboos are all
likely candidates for motivational
research
Why do women tend to
increase their expenditures on
clothing and personal
adornment products as they
approach the age of 50 to 55?
7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow
categorizes human needs into a pyramid
a person's lower-level needs are met before higher level needs
Different priorities exist at each level in terms of product benefits
a consumer is looking for.
Many products will satisfy
needs at all levels
8. Different product benefits will satisfy different levels of need.
Assume a mother is shopping for a new pair of trainers with her
5-year old daughter. What features/benefits satisfy each level?
Self-Actualization/self fulfilment
Ego/Esteem
Belongingness/Social
Safety
Physiological
Is there one level of need that is
satisfied more than the others?
9. When people move to satisfy a need (i.e. they are
motivated) – the satisfaction of the need becomes a goal
Between the need and the goal there exists a tension
The degree of urgency to fill that goal results in a drive
NEED DRIVE GOAL
Want: the particular form of consumption used to satisfy a
need.
Needs are universal
Needs can be met in a variety of ways
The goals are culturally and personally determined
Needs and Goals
10. you're thirsty - you need a drink
Obey your thirst
THIRSTQUENCHER
The Marketer’s
Objective?
15. inconsistency between beliefs one holds or between one’s
beliefs and actions.
Consumers are motivated to reduce dissonance or
tension by either changing their actions or their beliefs.
Almost all major purchases result in cognitive
dissonance, also known as buyer's remorse.
Often consumers are faced with two or more
alternatives. Choosing one may leave us wondering if we
should have purchased the other.
Cognitive Dissonance
to eliminate cognitive dissonance
Marketer's goal?
16. You've spent months shopping for a new car, comparing
features and narrowing down the alternatives. Finally,
you make your decision and purchase one that's just the
right car for you. But now you’re feeling anxious about
the decision, second-guessing the wisdom of your choice.,
i.e. you’re experiencing cognitive dissonance.
What could a
marketer do to
make you feel
better about
your purchase?
17. What is Involvement?
The amount of time and effort a
buyer invests in the decision processes
(e.g to process information)
Motivational level
Low (inertia, habit)
High (passion)
Involvement
The strength of a consumer's motivation to attain a goal.
The importance a consumer places on an object based on inherent
needs and interests.
18. When are you involved?
When the product or service:
• Is important to your self-image.
• Is of continual interest to you -
fashion/computers
• Entails significant risks
• Has emotional appeal
• Is identified with group norms or is socially
visible
19. A Comparison of Low & High
Involvement Hierarchies
Low Involvement:
Inertia
High Involvement:
Elaboration
1. Brand beliefs formed by
passive learning
2. A purchase decision is made
3. The brand may or may not
be evaluated afterwards
1. Brand beliefs are formed
first by active learning
2. Brands are evaluated.
3. A purchase decision is made
20. How would
you go about
marketing a
Jersey Milk
bar against
Cadbury’s
Dairy Milk
bar based on
involvement
level?
21. How would you Increase Involvement?
• Appeal to hedonic needs
– using sensory appeals to generate attention
• Use novel stimuli
– unusual cinematography, sudden silences, etc.
• Use prominent stimuli
– e.g. larger ads, more color
• Include celebrity endorsers
• Build a bond with consumers
– Maintain an ongoing relationship with consumers
• Link to high involvement issue
24. What is a Value?
That which one acts to gain or keep.
Presupposes the question of value to whom and
for what.
Eg. Youth, Freedom
culturally relative eg. Canada & India on equality
every culture has a set of core values
change over time
Many products are bought because they are
believed to help attain a more abstract value.
25. What are some Canadian/American core values?
Achievement and Success
Individualism
Equality
Life
Religious tolerance
Freedom/Liberty
pursuit of happiness
Democracy
Efficiency and Practicality
Progress
Materialism and Material comfort
Humanitarianism
Family
Independence
Youthfulness
Fitness & Health
faith
charity
hope
justice
mercy
Humility
chastity
obedience
poverty
prayer
27. Individual values
1. Selffulfilment,
2. excitement,
3. sense of accomplishment
4. selfrespect
Focus on the external world
5. belonging
6. being wellrespected
7. security
Interpersonal orientation
8. fun and Enjoyment,
9. warm relationships with others
What do you look for
or want from life?
Rank each value on
how important it is in
your daily life, where 1
= very important, and
9 = very unimportant
The List of Values (LOV) Scale
28. Typical North American Rankings
1. Self Respect
2. Warm Relationships
3. Selffulfilment
4. Fun and enjoyment in life
5. Security
6. Being Well Respected
7. A Sense of Accomplishment
8. A Sense of Belonging
9. Excitement
29. The values consumers endorse relate to differences in
consumption behaviours segmentation
What sort of products or service are consumers likely to
buy/use who endorse excitement?
What marketing communications media would you use to reach
them?
What values do readers of
Reader’s digest have
30. The Means End Chain Model
Assumes specific product attributes are linked to terminal
values.
Products are thus valued as the means to an end
products are consumed because they are instrumental in
attaining more abstract values.
Three levels:
1. Attributes: concrete and tangible characteristics e.g 1% fat in
milk
2. Benefits/Consequences: what the product is perceived as doing
or providing to the consumer. May be related to use or socio
psychological consequences of consumption. E.g. lose weight.
3. Values: intangible outcomes or ends eg. long life, good health
31. The Means-End Chain
Large engine
Fast acceleration
Performance
Feeling of power
Self-esteem
Aim promotion/
positioning at higher
levels of chain!
Attributes
Benefits
Values
32. Attributes Benefits Personal Values
Low fat Healthy Self-respect
Wisdom
Calcium Healthy bones Comfortable life
Wisdom
Ingredients Good taste Pleasure
Happiness
Vitamins Enhanced
sexual ability
Excitement
Fun
Pleasure
F I G U R E 7 . 3
Means End Chain for Milk
33. In MEC theory the three concepts are linked hierarchically
1% milk fat loose weight long life
Attributes (A) lead to benefits (B), to produce value satisfaction (V):
Linking the intermediate elements in the chain to reveal their
relationships to the terminal value called laddering
Data are gathered for a MEC analysis by interviewing consumers
about which attributes are most important for them in
differentiating among the types or brands of a given product.
By doing it for many attributes leads to hierarchical value map
which represents the associations among the key concepts
marketers can decide which attributes are most important for
achieving the values that the consumers want
35. Construct a hypothetical means end- chain
model for the purchase of a bouquet of roses.
How might a florist use this approach to
construct a promotional strategy?
36. Knowledge of what attributes and benefits are important
to consumer
Marketing communications eg advertising to appeal to
certain values
Cultural changes can impact demand for goods and
services - environmental scanning and market research
necessary.
Need for marketers who operate globally to appreciate
and take into consideration cross-cultural differences
Implications of Consumer Values for
Marketing Strategy
