Effect of expired supplements on bamboo growth

1
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of exogenous application of the multivitamin
Elder-Vit and calcium supplement Shell-Cal with different concentrations the growth of Bamboo plant
(Dracaena sanderiana). In addition, the aim was to estimate the optimum concentration of expired
Multivitamin or Mineral for plant growth and to take note of any visible anomalies through the
experiment. This investigation was carried out with the 3 different concentrations of expired Shell-Cal
and Elder-Vit Solution: 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% along with a control experiment of 0% concentration (i.e.
distilled water). The plants were watered with these solution over a span a 3 weeks while the change in,
number of leaves, length of branch, diameter of stem and length of stem was recorded on the 1st
, 7th
, 12th
and 18th
day after the experiment was initiated. I assumed that an external source of vitamins and
minerals will definitely benefit plant growth. While a high concentration of would lead to damage of
roots as water would leave the roots by ex-osmosis moreover, chances are that there could have been a
rise in the toxicity levels of the plants. The plants showed significant improvement in their color,
turgidity, and growth rate, and a slight improvement in nutrient content which was measure after about 8
weeks. In contrast, the controlled experiment with only water showed the most deterred growth,
supporting the original hypothesis that such minerals can still help growth.
Thus, results of this investigation have proved that an exogenous source of expired multivitamins can
enhance plant growth with a trend of the lower concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0% showing promising
results for both of the expired drugs. From the data collected it has been proved that the 0.5%
concentration enhanced most of plant of growth for Elder-Vit and Shell-Call.
Word count:297

2
Extended Essay Topic
To explore the use of expired multivitamin and Mineral tablets to enhance plant growth.
Research Question
What is the effect of the exogenous application of solutions of 3 different concentrations (0.5%,
1% and 2%) of expired Shell-Cal Calcium supplement and 3 different concentrations(0.5%, 1% and 2%)
of expired Elder-Vit multivitamin tables on the growth of Bamboo, Dracaena sanderiana after
measuring the change in, number of leaves, length of branch, diameter of stem and length of stem
weekly for a period of 3 weeks?

3
Table of Contents
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................4
Expired OTC drugs....................................................................................................................................................5
Nutrients present in the expired pills used and their role in plant development: ...................................6
Hypothesis .......................................................................................................................................7
VARIABLES ...................................................................................................................................8
Independent:.................................................................................................................................................................8
Dependent:....................................................................................................................................................................8
Controls:........................................................................................................................................................................8
Apparatus........................................................................................................................................9
DATA SET 1: Results with expired Shell-Cal Tablets...................................................................13
Data Tables................................................................................................................................................................13
Parameter 1: Number of Leaves ...........................................................................................................................................................13
Parameter 2: Length of Branch.............................................................................................................................................................16
Parameter 3: Diameter of Stem.............................................................................................................................................................19
Parameter 4: Length of Stem..................................................................................................................................................................22
DATA SET 2: Results with expired Elder- Vit Tablets..................................................................25
Data Tables: ..............................................................................................................................................................25
Parameter 1: Number of leaves.............................................................................................................................................................25
Parameter 2: Length of Branch.............................................................................................................................................................28
Parameter 3: Diameter of Stem.............................................................................................................................................................31
Parameter 4: Length of Stem..................................................................................................................................................................34
Qualitative Data: ...........................................................................................................................37
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................38
EVALUATION..............................................................................................................................40
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................42

4
Introduction
As I was born into a family which runs a pharmaceutical company, I have had exposure to
the world of drugs since childhood. What bothered me was the fact that I would see ton’s of
medicine getting discarded from the company itself, which led me onto the thinking about the
incidence of medicine waste amongst individual households and hospitals as well. Statistically,
according to the WHO ‘Of the total amount of waste generated by health-care activities, about 80%
is general waste.’ It was this horrific fact which made me want to think of ideas to deal with such
waste
Plants that are deficient in nutrients could use expired multivitamins as a nutrient source.
Plant growth and nutrition enhancement is more important now than ever. The population
rapidly increases and the quality of the food we eat declines. We can improve that with nutrient-packed
food, which is not artificial. Also, a lot of resources are consumed in the production of medicines. We
must revise the massive disposal of such resources when a large proportion of them have potential uses.
If these vitamins do not have any toxic element and as per the nutrients present in these supplement,
further research could be conducted upon which we could suggests hospitals and manufacturers to
monitor their expired stock. Having no adverse effects on plant growth and the chemical contents of the
plant the results of this implication could be positive for society.
This experiment is to help understand how the vitamins in expired dietary supplements and which
concentrations of them could be used to enhance plant growth and potentially improve its nutrient
content for human consumption.

5
Since expired supplements do not turn toxic or lose massive potency, this experiment could provide
substantial data to commence further research to bring about a change and to adapt this usage on a large
scale to recycle expired multivitamins to supplement plant growth and enhance the nutritional value of
plants. This could change the way people look at medicine waste management.
Expired OTC drugs
According to the FDA each multivitamin or mineral supplement has it's shelf life. This span is
generally very conservative. Moreover, research shows that expired multivitamins do not turn toxic,
they simply lose potency by reacting with the packaging when subjected to high temperatures and
moisture. The mineral content however does persist.
• Shelcal:tablets; Oral; Calcium (Calcium Carbonate) 625 mg; Vitamin D3 125 IU1
• Edervit: Folic Acid (1.5mg), Vitamin B1(10mg), Vitamin B12(15mcg), Vitamin B2(10mg),
NAD(100mg), Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate(3mg), Vitamin C(150mg). 2
1
Medication: Shel-Cal Capsules." Shel-Cal Capsules Drug & Pharmaceuticals. Shel-Cal Capsules Available Forms, Doses,
Prices. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
2
Medication: Eldervit Capsules." Eldervit Capsules Drug & Pharmaceuticals. Eldervit Capsules Available Forms, Doses,
Prices. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

6
Nutrients present in the expired pills used and their role in plant
development:
1. Calcium (CaCO3)
Is essential for cell wall development, for enzyme activity, metabolism, and nitrate uptake. Weak and
spindly plants often indicate the plants are not taking up enough calcium.3
2. Vitamin D3:
Helps root formation and seed germination. Studies on the effects of vitamin D3 on two different plants
that were not exposed to sunlight show that the vitamin helped cuttings of Populus tremula grow roots
and helped seeds of Grand Rapids lettuce, also known as Lactuca sativa, to germinate.4
3. Folic_acid
Previous experiments suggest that folic acid and vitamin C enhanced seed vigor and potential seedling
performance
4. Nicotinamide:
Experiments show that NAD increases the photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates, plant height,
leaf number, fresh and dry weights of shoot, and seed yield as well as total soluble sugars, total free
amino acids and proline. Nicotinamide inhibited the uptake of Na+ and accelerated the accumulation of
essential nutrient ions. Nicotinamide resulted in a significant improvement in physiological and
biochemical parameters
3<http://www.puricare.co.za/UserFiles/File/Essential%20Nutrients%20for%20Plant%20Growth.pdf >"Ch3." Encyclopedia of
Astrobiology (2011): 282. Web. 27 Oct 2015
4
"The Effects of Vitamins on Plant Growth." LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 02 Sept. 2010. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

7
5. Zinc_Sulphate_Monohydrate
Used as a fertilizer additive for preventing zinc deficiencies in crops. Important for enzyme activity
associated with carbohydrate metabolism in plants. Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate is appropriate for soil
applications on zinc, providing a long term supply of zinc to crops.5
6. Methylcobalamin_Cynaobalamin
Vitamin B12 is water soluble and relatively tolerable to heat thus is easily available for plant
uptake. There are complexes of vitamin B which have proven to assist plant growth.
Hypothesis
After researching on the positive effect of human vitamins on the growth of plants, about the
potency/toxicity of expired multivitamins and based on the information provided in the background, it
can be predicted that an exogenous application of expired multivitamin on the Bamboo plant will enable
it to grow more effectively as compared to growth with water. A higher concentration of multivitamins
could prove to be harmful to the plant as it will cause exosmosis and could also increase the toxicity
levels as these expired multivitamins provide excess nutrients or could chemically hinder the metabolic
activities in the plants.
5 <www.randsdown.co.nz>Web. 21. OCT 2015

8
VARIABLES
Independent:
Expired Shelcal Solution (Exp date: April 2014): 1000ml of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% concentrations each.
Expired Elder-Vit Solution (Exp date: April 2014): 1000ml of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% concentrations each.
Controls:
Dependent:
1. No of leaves No unit (no uncertainty)
2. Length of branch cm(uncertainty= ±0.1cm)
3. Diameter of Stem cm(uncertainty= ±0.1cm)
4. Length of stem cm(uncertainty= ±0.1cm)
5. Color of plant No unit (no uncertainty)
6. Turgidity of the plant No unit (no uncertainty)
Variable Why How
Age of plant
To ensure that the age is not a factor
which effects any of our dependent
variables
By either growing the plants together or
by ensure that the flouriest gives you the
same aged plants
Time
To ensure that all the trials are grown
for the same amount of time and that
all the plants are subject to the expired
medicine solution for the same
amount of time
Make sure that you water and measure
all plants at the same time
Temperature
If there is a drastic change in
temperature that may inhibit the
plants metabolic activities and hinder
the plants growth, effecting out
measurements and the experiments
results
Keep the plants on one, possible
temperature regulated room. Make sure
there is no condition, or one could keep
not of the temperature with a
thermometer,
Exposure to light
If certain plants are subject to more
light as compared to the others then
there will be change in their growth
Make sure that all the plants have
enough and equal exposure to light by
placing them, mostly outside, or in such
a way that they don’t fall under shadow
for too long as

9
Apparatus
Variable Why How
Volume of
solution given
This must be controlled as if certain
plants are given more or less of the
solution then our results will not be
accurate
Make sure that you stick to the
method and give 2 cc of the solutions
every two days
Size of plant
If the plants are the same size at the
beginning of the experiments then it
will only be easier to compare growth,
he amount of surface area for
photosynthesis of each plant will also
be controlled, not giving any one
plant the upper hand
Measure the plants length before and
keep a small range of size for each
trial before using that plant for your
experiment
Expiry Date of
the drug used.
Since the medicine used will be the
growth factor tested through this
experiment, one must make note that
the expired date for all the drugs used
is the same. If the drugs used have
varying expiry date then there could
be a higher chance of error.
Check the expiry date mentioned on
the drug’s packaging.
Material Quantity Uncertainty
Ceramic Grinder 1
Electronic Balance 1 ± 0.01g
1000ml Beakers 6 ± 50ml
50 ml Measuring Cylinder 1 ± 5ml
Glass stirrers 2
Watch glasses 2
Spatulas 2
Bunsen burners 1
2 ml syringes 6 ± 0.5 ml
Stopwatch 1 ± 0.01s
Bamboo Shoots 17
Expired Shel-Cal 10 strips
Expired Elder-Vit 15 strips
Distilled water 6000 ml
Small glass containers 17
Rule 1 ± 0.1 cm

10
Preparation of the
Solutions:
crushed shelcal tablets
crushed Elder-Vit Tablets
i. Collect 20 strips of each tablet and make sure that they all
have the same expiry date.
ii. Grind the medicine into fine powder using a manual grinder.
iii. Place a watch glass on a digital weighing scale and tare it to
obtain a reading of 0.00g
iv. Take the powdered medicine using a sptula and place it on the
watch glass to measure 5g of it using a digital weighing scale.
(+/- 0.1g).
v. Pour the measured 5g of powder into 1kg of distilled water for
the 0.5% concentrated solution. (label this container as A)
vi. Follow the method in step iii, iv and v with 10g of powedered
medicine instead, to prepare a solution of 1.0% concentration
(label this container as C)
vii. Follow the method in step iii, iv and v with 20g of powedered
medicine instead, to prepare a solution of 2.0%
concentration(label this container as B)
Method

11
Parameters measured
Experimental Setup i. When colleting the bamboo plant, ensure that all the shoots are
of the same height, age and have been growing in the same
medium.
ii. Place each individual shoots into small glass containers. Make
sure that you have 17 such setups, 5 for each concentration, and
2 control setups.
iii. You will have 5 trials of each concentration used. Therefore
label the trials for concentration ‘A’ of 0.5% as A1, A2, A3, A4,
A5 Do the same for concentration ‘B’ of 1.0% and conc. ‘C’ for
2.0%
iv. Label the remaining two containers as ‘Control’
v. Measure and record the initial number of leaves, length of
branch, diameter of stem and length of stem using a ruler for
each of the plants before initiating the experiment.
Initial setup

12
Watering method i. Water each of the ‘A’ labeled plants every 3 days for 18 days with 2
cc of 0.5% conc. solution using a syringe ( +/- 0.2 cc). Make sure you
stir the solution for 30 seconds before watering the plant
ii. Water each of the ‘B’ labeled plants every 3 days for 18 days with 2
iii. Water each of the ‘C’ labeled plants every 3 days for 18 days with 2
iv. Water each of the ‘Control’ labeled plants every 3 days for 18 days
with 2 cc of distilled water using a syringe ( +/- 0.2 cc).
v. Measure the root length, shoot length, diameter of stem, number of
leaves were measured on a weekly basis and take note of the
qualitative descriptions of the stem, root and leaves. Observe the
turgidity by seeing if the stem can easily bend. Do this over a period
of 18 days.
vi. Measurements can be taken using a rule (+/- 0.1cm)
vii. Repeat the above mentioned steps with the second set of expired drugs (Elder-vit)

13
DATA SET 1: Results with expired Shell-Cal Tablets
Data Tables
Parameter 1: Number of Leaves
Raw data table no.1: showing the number of leaves grown over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3
different concentrations of Shelcal Solutions
Different
Concentrations
of Shell-Cal
Solutions
Trial Number of leaves ( no uncertainty)
Day 1 Day 7 Day 12 Day 18
Set A : 0.5% A1 7.00 9.00 11.00 13.00
A2 7.00 10.00 11.00 12.00
A3 6.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
A4 8.00 9.00 12.00 13.00
A5 7.00 10.00 11.00 13.00
Set B : 1.0% B1 8.00 10.00 13.00 14.00
B2 7.00 11.00 11.00 13.00
B3 7.00 10.00 12.00 13.00
B4 6.00 10.00 11.00 13.00
B5 7.00 10.00 11.00 13.00
Set C : 25% C1 7.00 9.00 10.00 12.00
C2 7.00 8.00 11.00 13.00
C3 8.00 9.00 11.00 12.00
C4 7.00 10.00 12.00 13.00
C5
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
Control Control1 7.00 9.00 10.00 12.00
Control2 7.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
Processed data table no 2: showing average number of leaves grown and percentage change in the number of leaves grown
over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3 different concentrations of Shell-Cal Solutions
Concentration Day1 Day7 Day12 Day18 %
Change
Correlation
0.5% Average 7.00 9.50 11.50 13.00
85.71 0.99Standard
Deviation
0.70 0.54 0.54 0.70
1.0% Average 7.00 10.20 11.6 13.20
88.57 0.98Standard
Deviation
0.70 0.45 0.89 0.45
2.0% Average 7.2 9.25 10.80 12.30
70.83 1.00Standard
Deviation
0.55 0.71 0.84 0.84
Control Average 7.00 9.00 10.00 11.50
64.29 0.99Standard
Deviation
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71

14
Graph no.1: Average number of leaves affected by bamboos grown in different concentrations of Shell-Cal
solution compared with bamboos grown in water over a period of 18 days
Graph no.2: Overall % Change of average no. of leaves for bamboos grown in 3 different concentrations of
Shell-Cal Sol.
7
9.5
11.5
13
7
10.2
11.6
13.2
7.2
9
10.8
12.2
7
9
10
11.5
6.5
6.9
7.3
7.7
8.1
8.5
8.9
9.3
9.7
10.1
10.5
10.9
11.3
11.7
12.1
12.5
12.9
13.3
13.7
1 2 3 4
Averagenumberofleaves
No. of days
0.50%
1.00%
2.00%
Control
85.71 88.57
70.83
64.29
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
0.5 1.0 2.0 control
PecentageChange%
Concentration %
1 7 12 18

15
The 1.0% solution shows the highest (88.57%) change in growth. The results support the
claim that the average number of leaves for the Bamboo Plant is positively influenced
when grown with the expired Shell-Cal. This evidently proves Shell-Cal (even a minimum
concentration of 0.5%) is better than water as it is able to grow more leaves for the
Bamboo plant. This could be primarily because the Shell-Cal 500mg itself is such a
concentrated medicine and that one pill is required for the dosage of one human, thus a
lower concentration should be optimum for the plant, while higher concentrations could
prove to affect the osmotic surroundings in the soil.
Sample Calculations:
1. Standard Deviation:
*done in excel*
= STDEV
2. Average
Example : 11, 11, 12 ,12 , 11
Sum = 11 + 11+ 12+ 12+ 11 = 57
Sum/ no. of values = 57 / 5 = 11.50
3. Correlation Co-efficient
*done in excel*
= CORREL

16
Parameter 2: Length of Branch
Raw data table no.3: showing the length of branch grown over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3
different concentrations of Shell-Cal Solutions
Different
Concentrations of
Shell-Cal
Solutions
Trial Length of Branch (±0.10 cm)
Set A : 0.5% A1 6.90 9.30 11.00 11.70
A2 6.90 9.50 12.00 12.40
A3 6.80 9.20 10.00 11.40
A4 6.90 9.40 11.00 11.50
A5 6.90 9.60 11.30 11.70
Set B : 1.0% B1 6.80 9.00 9.90 11.50
B2 6.90 9.50 10.00 11.50
B3 6.70 9.00 9.80 11.00
B4 6.80 9.30 10.20 12.00
B5 6.80 9.40 10.60 11.70
Set C : 25% C1 6.90 9.00 9.60 10.40
C2 6.80 9.00 9.80 10.70
C3 6.90 9.00 9.60 10.80
C4 6.70 9.00 9.60 10.70
C5 6.90 9.00 9.60 10.80
Control Control1 6.90 9.10 9.50 10.20
Control2 6.80 9.00 9.30 10.40
Processed data table no 4 : showing average length of branch and percentage change in length of branch
over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3 different concentrations of Shell-Cal Solutions
Concentration Day1 Day7 Day12 Day18 % Change Correlation
0.5% Average 6.90 9.30 11.00 11.70
69.57 0.97Standard
Deviation
0.04 0.16 0.72 0.33
1.0% Average 6.80 9.24 10.10 11.54
69.71 0.98Standard
Deviation
0.07 0.23 0.32 0.36
2.0% Average 6.82 9.20 9.65 10.70
56.89 0.96Standard
Deviation
0.08 0.40 0.08 0.16
Control Average 6.85 9.05 9.40 10.30
50.36 0.95Standard
Deviation
0.07 0.07 0.14 0.14

17
Graph no. 3: Average length of branch of bamboos grown in different concentrations of Shell-Cal solution
compared with bamboos grown in water (control) over a period of 18 days
Graph no. 4: Overall percentage change of the average length of branch for bamboos grown in 3 different
concentrations of Shell-Cal Sol.
6.9
9.3
11
11.7
6.8
9.4
10.1
11.5
6.8
9.2
9.7
10.7
6.85
9.05
9.4
10.3
6
6.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
8
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10
10.4
10.8
11.2
11.6
12
12.4
1 2 3 4
Averagelenghtofbranch(cm)
no. of days
0.50%
1.00%
2.00%
Control
69.57 69.71
56.89
50.36
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
0.5 1.0 2.0 control
PecentageChange%
Concentration %
7 12 18

18
One can easily observe that the 1.0% and 0.5% concentration of Shelcal has shown
the highest percentage change in the average length of branch for the Bamboo Plant.
As evident in graph no.3 the 0.5% concentration grows an average branch length of
11.7cm. whereas the control grows an average branch length of 10.3cm. Significantly,
while in graph 3 the longest length shown is by the plant goen in the 0.5% solution, the
greaterst ercentage change in height is hown by the plant gorwn in 1.0%. There is a
large margin between the high values that the 0.5% and 1.0% concentration and the
Control plant’s yeild, suggesting that the plants are better suited in expired shelcal
solutions as it enhances the branch length. However on comparing the STDEV of each
of these concentrations, it is seen that te values of the control are closer to the mean as
it has a STDEV of only ±0.14 whereas the 0.5% concentration has a STDEV of ±0.33
The 0.5% and the 1.0% concentrations show more varying readings than the control.
A trend is seen with the 1.0% cocnetration sol as the avergae length of branch is closer
the average length of the banboo branches when grown with 0.5% cocentration and the
average length of the brahce grwoing with 2.0% (while being lower than the other two
concentrations) is higher than the control. This proves that the Shelcl sol effectively
increased branch growth. However, the reason why a lower concentraion proved to be
more effective is because is because the excess minerals in a high concentration of
Shelcal sol could be detrimental to plant growth as it shrinks the root cells due to the
highly concentrated area that surrounds the roots.

19
Parameter 3: Diameter of Stem
Raw data table no.5: Showing the diameter of stem grown over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3
different concentrations of Shell-Cal Solutions
Different
Concentrations
of Shell -Cal
Solutions
Trial
Number
Diameter of stem cm(±0.10cm)
Set A : 0.5% A1 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.10
A2 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.20
A3 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.10
A4 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.10
A5 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.20
Set B : 1.0% B1 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.10
B2 0.90 1.10 1.10 1.10
B3 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.10
B4 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.10
B5 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00
Set C : 25% C1 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.10
C2 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90
C3 0.80 0.90 0.90 1.00
C4 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00
C5 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.10
Control Control1 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.00
Control2 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.00
Processed data table no 6 : showing the average diameter of stem and percentage change in the average
diameter of stem over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3 different concentrations of Shell-Cal Solutions
0.5% Average 0.78 0.96 1.04 1.14
46.15 0.99Standard
Deviation
0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05
1.0% Average 0.80 10 1.04 1.08
35.00 0.92Standard
Deviation
0.07 0.07 0.05 0.04
2.0% Average 0.82 0.94 0.96 1.05
28.05 0.98Standard
Deviation
0.08 0.05 0.05 0.08
Control Average 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.00
25.00 0.94Standard
Deviation
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

20
Graph no5: Average length of the Diameter of stem affected by bamboos grown in different concentrations of
Shell-Cal solution compared with bamboos grown in water over a period of 18 days
Graph no. 6: Overall % Change of the average diameter of stem for bamboos grown in 3 different
concentrations of Shell-Cal Sol.
0.78
0.96
1.04
1.14
0.8
1
1.04
1.08
0.82
0.94
0.96
1.05
0.8
0.9
1 1
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1 2 3 4
AverageDaimeterofstem(cm)
No. of days
0.50%
1.00%
2.00%
Control
46.15
35.00
28.05
25.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
0.5 1.0 2.0 control
PercentageChange%
Concentration %
7 12 18

21
From the graph no.5 above, it is noticeable that only the 0.5% concentration results in the highest
diameter of the stem (1.14cm) whiles the 1.0% concentration, 2.0% concentration and the
Control able to produce an average diameter of 1.08cm, 1.06 cm and 1.0cm respectively. Even
the % change in the length is shown to be the highest with the 0.5% concentration solution.
More so, the difference between these values is very low. i.e, the change in diameter length
ranges only from 1.0 – 1.2 cm within the period of 18 days, suggesting that this specific
parameter may not be significantly influenced by these minerals at all. The lower standard
deviation of around ±0.04 - 0.08 further suggests that the readings barely deviated from the
average of the data collected.

22
Parameter 4: Length of Stem
Raw data table no.7: showing the length of stem grown over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3 different
concentrations of Shell-Cal Solutions
Different
Concentrations
of Shell -Cal
Solutions
Trial
Number
Length of Stem cm(±0.10cm)
Set A : 0.5% A1 7.50 10.00 10.40 11.00
A2 8.20 10.10 10.60 11.20
A3 8.00 10.00 10.40 11.20
A4 7.80 10.20 10.80 11.50
A5 8.00 10.30 11.00 11.60
Set B : 1.0% B1 6.8 8.8 9.0 10.10
B2 6.8 8.9 9.4 10.50
B3 7.5 9.7 10.3 11.20
B4 7.4 10.0 10.8 11.40
B5 8.0 10.2 11.2 11.80
Set C : 25% C1 8.00 9.60 9.90 10.30
C2 8.00 9.50 9.90 10.40
C3 7.00 8.40 9.50 10.00
C4 7.50 9.20 9.80 10.30
C5 7.70 9.00 9.40 10.00
Control Control1 8.00 9.10 9.70 10.40
Control2 8.00 9.20 9.40 10.40
Processed data table no 8 : showing the average length of stem and percentage change in the average
length of stem over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3 different concentrations of Shell-Cal Solutions
0.5% Average 7.90 10.12 10.64 11.30
43.04 0.94Standard
Deviation
0.26 0.13 0.26 0.24
1.0% Average 7.3 9.52 10.14 11.00
50.68 0.96Standard
Deviation
0.51 0.64 0.93 0.69
2.0% Average 7.60 9.10 9.70 10.20
34.21 0.96Standard
Deviation 0.42 0.48 0.23 0.19
Control Average 8.00 9.05 9.55 10.40
30.00 1.00Standard
Deviation
0.00
0.07 0.21 0.28

23
Graph no.7: Average length of the Diameter of stem affected by bamboos grown in different concentrations
of Shell-Cal solution compared with bamboos grown in water over a period of 18 days
Graph no. 8: Overall % Change of the average length of Stem for bamboos grown in 3 different
concentrations of Shell-Cal Sol
7.9
10.12
10.64
11.3
7.3
9.52
10.14
11
7.6
9.1
9.7
10.2
8
9.05
9.55
10.4
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
1 2 3 4
AverageLenghtofStem(cm)
No. of Days
0.50%
1.00%
2.00%
Control
43.04
50.68
34.21
30.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0.5 1.0 2.0 control
PercentageChange%
Concentration %
7 12 18

24
Upon analysis it shows through graph no.8 that even though the average end point of
the plants grown in the control and 2.0% concentration was the same, the percentage
change in the length was still higher by 4.21%. Also, while length of the stem when
grown with Shell-Cal sol concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0%, and concentration 2.0%
and water do not exhibit much difference with each other (ranging between 11.3 –
10.4) the plant grown in 1.0 does show a relatively higher result of 50.68% change in
growth. There is also a significant margin between the average stem lengths of the
plant grown in 0.5% concentration (11.3cm) as compared to the plants grown in water
(10.4cm) While the longest length is visible with the plant grown in the 0.5%
concentration, it is the plant grown in 1.0% concentration that yields the highest
percentage change, suggesting that 1.0% concentration of Shell-Cal would be more
ideal for the plants growth.

25
DATA SET 2: Results with expired Elder- Vit Tablets
Data Tables:
Parameter 1: Number of leaves
Raw data table no.10: showing the number of leaves grown over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3
different concentrations of Elder-Vit Solutions
Different
Concentrations of
Elder-Vit
Solutions
Trial Number of leaves ( no uncertainty)
Set A : 0.5% A1 7.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
A2 6.00 10.00 10.00 11.00
A3 7.00 10.00 12.00 13.00
A4 8.00 10.00 11.00 11.00
A5 7.00 9.00 11.00 12.00
Set B : 1.0% B1 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
B2 7.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
B3 6.00 7.00 10.00 11.00
B4 6.00 8.00 12.00 12.00
B5 7.00 9.00 11.00 12.00
Set C : 25% C1 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
C2 7.00 9.00 11.00 11.00
C3 7.00 9.00 11.00 12.00
C4 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
C5
6.00 8.00 10.00 11.00
Control Control1 7.00 8.00 9.00 11.00
Control2 6.00 8.00 10.00 10.00
Processed data table no 11: showing the average no. of leaves and percentage change in the average
number of leaves over 18 days on the bamboos planted in 3 different concentrations of Elder-Vit
Solutions
0.5% Average 7 9.6 10.8 11.6
65.71 0.97Standard
Deviation
0.70 0.54 0.83 0.89
1.0% Average 6.8 8.4 10.6 11.4
67.65 0.98Standard
Deviation
0.83 0.89 0.89 0.54
2.0% Average 7.2 8.8 10.4 11.2
55.56 0.99Standard
Deviation
0.83 0.44 0.54 0.44
Control Average 6.5 8 9.5 10.5
61.54 0.99Standard
Deviation 0.70
0.00
0.70 0.70

26
Graph no. 9: Average number of leaves on bamboos grown in (3) different concentrations of Elder-Vit solution
compared with bamboos grown in water over a period of 18 days
Graph no.10: Overall percentage change of average no. of leaves for bamboos grown in 3 different
concentrations of Elder-Vit Solutions
6.92
8.2
10.8
11.6
6.8
8.3
10.4
12
6.94
8.18
9.2
10.6
6.15
7.3
8.5
10
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 7 12 18
no. of days
0.5 % conc.
1.0% conc.
2.0% conc.
Control
65.71
67.65
55.56
61.54
40.00
44.00
48.00
52.00
56.00
60.00
64.00
68.00
0.5 1.0 2.0 control
percentageChangr%
Concentration %

27
These results show a positive correlation of the growth in number of leaves against the
concentration of the expired Elder-Vit solution used. In graph 9, one can note that the blue line
showing the results with 0.5% of expired Elder-Vit used, is much higher than the rest of the
results with the end point of 11.6 average no. of leaves. However, we cannot conclude that the
0.5% concentration is optimum even though it has the highest no. of leaves as both the
steepness of the red curve in graph 9 and the percentage change in number of leaves (67.65%)
shows that the maximum growth was found with the 1.0% concentration of expired Elder-Vit
used. Moreover, the control which had showed the smallest number of leaves grown may not
have been the least effective as the percentage change with the 2.0% concentration (55.56%)
was lower than the 61.54 % of the control experiment.

28
Parameter 2: Length of Branch
Raw data table no.10: showing the length branch grown over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3
Different
Concentrations
of Elder-Vit
Solutions
Trial Length of branch (+/- 0.10cm)
Set A : 0.5% A1 6.80 7.50 10.00 11.00
A2 6.90 7.70 10.00 11.00
A3 7.00 9.00 12.00 13.00
A4 6.90 7.80 11.00 11.00
A5 7.00 9.00 11.00 12.00
Set B : 1.0% B1 7.00 9.40 11..00 12.00
B2 6.70 8.30 10.00 11.00
B3 6.60 7.60 10.00 11.00
B4 6.80 8.00 10.00 12.00
B5 6.90 8.20 11.00 12.00
Set C : 25% C1 7.00 8.00 9.00 11.00
C2 6.90 7.70 9.00 10.00
C3 7.80 9.00 10.00 11.00
C4 7.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
C5
6.00 7.20 8.00 10.00
Control Control1 6.00 6.80 8.00 10.00
Control2 6.30 7.80 9.00 10.00
Processed data table no 13 : showing the average length of branch and percentage change in the average
length of branch over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3 different concentrations of Elder-Vit Solutions
0.5% Average 6.92 8.20 10.80 11.60
67.63 0.97Standard
Deviation 0.08 0.73 0.83 0.89
1.0% Average 6.80 8.30 10.40 12.00
76.47 1.00Standard
Deviation 0.16 0.67 0.54 0.54
2.0% Average 6.94 8.18 9.2 10.6
52.74 1.00Standard
Deviation 0.64 0.80 0.84 0.55
Control Average 6.15 7.3 8.5 10
62.60 1.00Standard
Deviation 0.21 0.70 0.70 0.00

29
Graph no. 11: Average Length of branch on bamboos grown in (3) different concentrations of Elder-Vit
solution compared with bamboos grown in water over a period of 18 days
Graph no. 12 : Overall % Change of the average length of branch for bamboos grown in 3 different
concentrations of Elder-Vit Sol
6.92
8.2
10.8
11.6
6.8
8.3
10.4
12
6.94
8.18
9.2
10.6
6.15
7.3
8.5
10
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 2 3 4
Day number
0.5 % conc.
1.0% conc.
2.0% conc.
3.0% conc.
67.63
76.47
52.74
62.60
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
0.5 1.0 2.0 control
PercentageChange%
Concentration %
7 12 18

30
Graph 11 shows that the 0.5% solution bamboos reach a length of 11.6 cm while the 1.0% bamboos
reach a branch length of 12.0 cm while graph 12 elucidates that the percentage change of 76.47%
with the bamboos gorwn in 1.0% concenration of expired Elder-vit is higher than the percentage
change of 67.63% shown with the 0.5% concentraion of expired Elder-Vit suggesting that the 1.0%
concentration is probably more effective for growth.
These results show a higher strong positive correlation of 1.00 as well, further suggesting that the the
trajectory shown by all the sloutions used indicates that there is significant growth, but fact that the
percentage change in length for the bamboos grown in the 2.0% concentration is around 10% lower
than the growth percentage seen with the control btach proves that the highest concentration of elder-
vit hinders growth as the bamboo would have been able to grow better only with a lower
concentration of expired Elder-vit.

31
Parameter 3: Diameter of Stem
Raw data table no.10: showing the length branch grown over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3
Different
Concentrations
of Elder-Vit
Solutions
Trial
Number
Diameter of stem (+/- 0.1cm)
Set A : 0.5% A1 0.80 1.0 1.0 1.2
A2 0.60 0.8 0.9 1.0
A3 0.50 0.70 0.80 0.9
A4 0.60 0.9 1.0 1.0
A5 0.70 0.9 1.0 1.0
Set B : 1.0% B1 0.60 0.80 0.9 0.9
B2 0.70 0.90 0.9 1.0
B3 0.80 0.90 1.0 1.0
B4 0.50 0.70 0.8 0.9
B5 0.70 0.80 0.9 0.9
Set C : 25% C1 0.70 0.80 0.9 0.9
C2 0.80 0.90 0.9 0.90
C3 0.60 0.70 0.8 0.90
C4 0.70 0.80 0.9 1.00
C5
0.80 0.90 1.0 1.00
Control Control1 0.70 0.70 0.8 0.90
Control2 0.70 0.80 0.9 1.00
Processed data table no 15 : showing the average diameter of stem and percentage change in the average
diameter of stem over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3 different concentrations of Elder-Vit Solutions
0.5% Average 0.64 0.86 0.94 1.02
59.38 0.97Standard
Deviation 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11
1.0% Average 0.66 0.82 0.9 0.94
42.42 0.96Standard
Deviation 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.05
2.0% Average 0.72 0.82 0.9 0.94
30.56 0.98Standard
Deviation 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.05
Control Average 0.70 0.75 0.85 0.95
35.71 0.99Standard
Deviation 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.07

32
Graph no. 13 : Average diameter of stem of bamboos grown in (3) different concentrations of Elder-Vit solution
Graph no.14: Overall % Change of the average diameter of stem for bamboos grown in 3 different
concentrations of Elder-Vit Sol
0.64
0.86
0.94
1.02
0.66
0.82
0.9
0.94
0.72
0.82
0.9
0.94
0.7
0.75
0.85
0.95
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1 2 3 4
Averagediameterofstem(cm)
Day number
0.5%
conc.
1.0%
conc.
2.0%
conc.
59.38
42.42
30.56
35.71
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
0.5 1.0 2.0 control
PercentageChange%
% Concentration
7 12 18

33
As shown by graph 13 and 14, the bamboos grown in the 0.5% concentration of expired Elder-Vit
yields a relatively higher average diameter (1.02cm) and a percentage change (59.38) than the rest
of the plants. The remaining plants yield average results which are comparatively very similar to each
other (0.94 and 0.95cm). Notably enough, the percentage change of (30.56%) with the 2.0%
concentration used was lower than the value of 35.71% calculated with the control plants. This
suggests that the 2.0% concentration of the expired Elder-Vit used was detrimental as plain distilled
water yielded a better result. Moreover, in similarity with the observations obtained with the Shell-Cal
solution, the difference between the highest and lowest values was very minor, This suggests that
expired Elder-Vit solutions did not necessarily enhance the growth of the diameter of the stem of the
bamboos.

34
Parameter 4: Length of Stem
Raw data table no.10: showing the length of stem grown over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3
Different
Concentrations
of Elder-Vit
Solutions
Trial
Number
Length of Stem (+/- 0.10cm)
Set A : 0.5% A1 7.00 9.80 10.00 11.00
A2 6.00 10.0 10.00 11.00
A3 7.00 9.00 11.00 11.00
A4 7.00 8.90 10.00 11.00
A5 7.00 9.00 11.00 12.00
Set B : 1.0% B1 7.00 8.70 10.00 11.00
B2 7.00 8.60 10.00 11.00
B3 7.00 8.00 9.80 10.40
B4 8.00 9.20 10.00 11.00
B5 7.00 8.30 10.00 11.00
Set C : 25% C1 7.00 8.50 9.00 11.00
C2 8.00 8.60 9.00 10.00
C3 8.00 8.90 10.00 11.00
C4 7.00 8.00 9.70 11.00
C5
7.00 8.00 8.80 9.90
Control Control1 7.00 8.20 8.00 10.00
Control2 7.00 7.20 9.00 10.00
Processed data table no 17 : showing the average length of stem and percentage change in the average
length of stem over 18 days for the bamboos planted in 3 different concentrations of Elder-Vit Solutions
0.5% Average 6.80 9.34 10.40 11.20
64.17 0.96Standard
Deviation 0.45 0.52 0.55 0.45
1.0% Average 7.2 8.56 9.96 10.88
51.11
0.95Standard
Deviation 0.45 0.455 0.10 0.27
2.0% Average 7.4 8.4 9.3 10.58
42.97 1.00Standard
Deviation 0.55 0.39 0.52 0.58
Control Average 7.00 7.70 8.50 10.00
42.86 0.98Standard
Deviation 0.00 0.71 0.71 0.00

35
Graph no. 15: Average length of stem of bamboos grown in (3) different concentrations of Elder-Vit solution
Graph no. 16: Overall percentage change of average length of stem for bamboos grown in 3 different concentrations
of Elder-Vit Sol
6.8
9.34
10.4
11.2
7.2
8.56
9.96
10.88
7.4
8.4
9.3
10.58
7
7.7
8.5
10
6
6.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
8
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10
10.4
10.8
11.2
11.6
12
12.4
1 2 3 4
Averagelenghtofstem
Day number
0.5% conc.
1.0% conc.
2.0% conc.
Control
(0.0% conc.)
64.71
51.11
42.97 42.86
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
0.5 1.0 2.0 control
PercentageChanng%
Concentration%
1 7
12 18

36
In coherence with the visible trend seen with the previous parameters, the highest values of average
length of stem can be seen with the bamboos grown in the 0.5% concentration of expired Elder-Vit
solutions. The average length of stem of the control is lower (10.00 cm) than the length found with
the bamboos grown in the 2.0% concentration (10.58cm). While there in only a mere difference of
0.58cm, the 2.0% concentration deviates by +/-0.42cm. Thus, with a significant deviation in the raw
data, we cannot conclude that the 2.0% concentration promoted growth more than distilled water. The
difference between the 0.5% concentration change and 1.0% concentration’s percentage change
(64.71 – 51.11) is 13.60% while the difference between the 1.0% concentration and 0.5%
concentration’s percentage change (51.11 – 42.97)is only 8.14.% These differences show that the
0.5% concentration did in fact prove to be the most beneficial for the growth in the length of stem. In
fact, it increased the growth by (64.71 – 4286) 19.85% as the control experiment only showed a
change in stem length by 42.86% .

37
Qualitative Data:
Description (appearance) of bamboo shoots 3 weeks after addition of solutions
0.5% Concentration 1.0% Concentration 2.0% Concentration Control
Root Thick, short, strong
and white
White, short, and Very
thick
Relatively fewer and
thinner roots
Thin, dark and
long roots
Color of plant Light green in some
areas, and dark green
in most areas
Leaves are dark, stem is
light green
Leaves are dark green Light green
with few
patches of dark
green
Stem Smooth, hard Smooth Wrinkles are present, Stem is light
green
Turgidity Appears Extremely
turgid
Appears Extremely
turgid
Less turgid stem Turgid
According to the qualitative
descriptions, the plants, which were
grown in the solution, appeared to
be healthier. However the white
deposits on the roots of the plants
grown in the solutions of the expired
drugs could be explained by the fact
that the insoluble precipitate of the
solutions steeled on the roots, which
could potentially effect diffusion of
water to the plants.
Figure 1: Control plant to the left and plant A1 to the right (after 2 weeks)

38
CONCLUSION
As stated by the original hypothesis, the data collected for the experiment supports the
claim that the exogenous application of expired Elder-Vit and Shell-Cal does work
towards enhancing the growth of the bamboo plant.
The results of the no. of leaves, for each of the three concentrations of expired Shell-cal
and Elder-Vit have a positive correlation with the number of leaves grown on the plant.
However, the 1.0% dilution of both the Shell-Cal and Elder-Vit has proven to be most
effective in enhancing plant growth as it produced an average number of leaves of which
is above the average number of leaves when the control was used. Even the standard
deviations are relatively small, signifying that the results achieved are reasonably accurate.
In comparison however, The Shell-Cal Supplement has proven to be more effective with a
change in growth of 88.57% as compared to Elder-Vit’s heights change of 67.65% .
Even the results and the positive correlation obtained for the length of branch for each of
the expired drug solutions support the claim that they did positively influenced growth. In
fact the percentage change in branch length with 1.0% for expired elder-vit is 13.87 %
more than the control experiment while for the expired Shell-Cal it is 19.21 % more. Both
types of drugs had the bamboos grown in the 1.0% concentration showing a higher
percentage change in branch length than the control experiment showed. However, unlike
for Shell-Call, the Bamboos grown in 2.0% of expired Elder-Vit grew less than the control
proving that it did deter the plant’s growth.

39
For the diameter of the stem, there was a positive correlation and a margin between
the results of the diameter of stem of the bamboos grown in the expired drug solution
and the control shows that there was a slight enhancement of growth as a result of this
exogenous application. For both of the expired drugs the lower 0.5% concentration
yielded a higher value than the control experiments. However, both the results end
results barely varied between the range of 0.9 – 1.3 suggesting that maybe this
parameter was not significantly influenced by the expired medicines
For the length of the stem, the 0.5% concentration is seen to grow the longest stem for
both drugs as compared to the control which grows it to only 4.0 cm. This parameter
exhibits that a lesser concentration of expired drug is able to grow a longer stem. It is
clear that the 0.5%, 1.0% concentration favors the higher average growth of the stem
which is 11.3-11.0cm. However each of the values deviates from the mean by around
±0.93cm and ±0.26cm which is also fairly substantial as compared to the STDEV of
the control experiment which is ±0.07 – 0.28cm.
The overall conclusion which can be made is that while both the expired medicines did
work towards enhancing the plant’s growth, the Shel-Cal supplement proved to be
more effective, and for both of the set up’s a lower concentration yielded the better
result.

40
EVALUATION
While the result of this investigation supported the hypothesis there are areas, which
had scope for improvement. The parameters used were the stem length, the no. of
leaves, branch length and diameter of the stem. These parameters, however promising,
were not enough to come up with a holistic judgment to determine the extent of the
effect of the expired medicines Parameters such as root length, the chlorophyll content
measured via a colorimeter, the surface area of the leaves, the no. of roots would have
made the experiment more inclusive.
The number of trials in the experiment was only 5 plants for each of the different
concentrations expired multivitamin solutions. Since the number of plants used per
concentration were only limited to 5, the range of readings that were obtained for each
growth parameter were also limited. The plants used per concentration should have
been increased as increasing the number of plants used per trial of concentration to 10
plants would have automatically lowered the possible error in the investigation and the
standard deviation for the readings.
Another such limitation was with the number of concentrations used. In this
experiment, only three concentrations were used. This made it difficult to determine
what concentrations could be considered ideal for growth. This investigation should
have adopted the use of a range of different concentrations such as 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%,
2.0% and 2.5% over a longer period of time as well.
Plant type and growth medium for this experiment was , Dracaena sanderiana grown
in water. Most plants/crops use mud as a growth medium. It is difficult to determine
whether the use of expired medicines applied widely if we only use one plant type for
the experiment. This experiment would have been more helpful if it was used with

41
cereal plants grown in mud as the aim of this experiment was to determine the effect
on the growth for crops.
Another significant shortcoming with this method was the number of control used.
There were only 2 control plants, while the plants used for each concentration in the
experiment while 5 trials were used for each concentration used. This reduced the
accuracy, as the standard deviation shown with the controls was much lesser than the
standard deviation calculated with the plants grown in the solutions. Thus, the number
of controls used should have been the same as the number of trial used for each of the
concentrations.
In the future, if these limitations are addressed then this experiment can be carried out
on a larger scale over a long period of time. While it was out of the scope of the
facilities provided, methods can be adopted to analyze the effect on the plant’s mineral
content after they are grown in solution of the expired supplements. While there can
also be certain ethical questions raised regarding the use of these expired medicines for
the growth of plants and crops, Further research on the physiological effects on
animal’s after consumption of plants gown in this medium could also be conducted.

42
Bibliography
1. http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/2004/Projects/J1409.pdf
2. "How to Use Multi Vitamins in Tomato Plants." GardenGuides. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015
3. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web.
16 Oct. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16876400 >
4. "Top 11 Doctor Insights on Does Folic Acid Expire - HealthTap." HealthTap. N.p., n.d. Web.
16 Oct. 2015. <https://www.healthtap.com/topics/does-folic-acid-expire>
5. NTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SALINITY STRESS AND NICOTINAMIDE ON
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FABA BEAN PLANT."
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SALINITY STRESS AND NICOTINAMIDE ON
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FABA BEAN PLANT. N.p., n.d.
Web. 16 Oct. 2015.
6. http://forums2.gardenweb.com/discussions/1656193/expired-multivitamin-pills-in-compost
7. Labs and equipment from Elder pharmaceuticals ltd. and B.D. Somani International School Lab
8. Expired medicines from Elder pharmaceuticals ltd.
9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v16dEgnHKwU
10. "Are Human Multivitamins Good for Plants?" A H L N. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015
<http://www.ahln.ca/are-human-multivitamins-good-for-plants/>
References
1. “To investigate the exogenous application of five different concentrations, 100%, 50%, 25%,
12.5% and 6.25% of coconut water (source of cytokinin) on the growth of a Fenugreek plant.
(Trigonella foenum-graecum)” Biology Extended essay by Meher Irani, May 2012

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