3. Intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn from,
understand, and interact with one’s environment.
This general ability consists of a number of specific
abilities, which include these specific abilities:
Adaptability to a new environment or to changes in the current
environment
Capacity for knowledge and the ability to acquire it
Capacity for reason and abstract thought
Ability to comprehend relationships
Ability to evaluate and judge
Capacity for original and productive thought
5. AI is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the
moment, people do better
AI is a branch of computer science concerned with teaching
computers to think
The capability of a device to perform functions that are normally
associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning and
optimization through experience
AI is the branch of computer science concerned with the study and
creation of computer systems that exhibits some form of
intelligence-
Learn new concepts and tasks
Can reason and draw useful conclusion
Can understand a natural language
6. AI HI
AI, when given the information can be When HI is given the same
exact, every time with speed. information, it can not be as exact, and
AI are digital is slower.
AI uses byte-addressable memory. HI are analogue
The HI uses content-addressable
There is a appealing hardware/software memory
distinction obscures in AI
No hardware/software distinction can
be made with respect to the brain or
mind
Processing and memory are performed Processing and memory are performed
by the different components. by the same components in the brain
AI could do this if it was program to
Human intelligence can forget and lose
do so, but this would be counter-
productive. information
7. Mundane Tasks Formal Tasks
Perception Games
Vision Chess
Speech Checkers-Go
Natural Language Mathematics
Understanding Geometry
Generation Logic
Translation Integral calculus
Commonsense reasoning Proving properties of programs
Robot control
9. This assumption was given by Newell and simon.
They call this assumption the physical symbol system
hypothesis.
They define a physical symbol system as follows:-
A physical symbol system consists of a set of entities called symbols, which
are physical patterns that can occur as components of another type of entity
called an expression or symbol structure. A symbol structure is composed of
a number of instances (or tokens) of symbols related in some physical way.
At any instance of time the system will contain a collection of these
symbols structures. Besides these structures ,the system also contains a
collection of processes that operate on expressions to produce other
expressions: processes of and destruction.
10. A physical symbol system is a machine that produces
through time an evolving collection of symbol
structures.
This hypothesis is only a hypothesis.
There appears to be no way to prove or disprove it on
logical grounds.
The only way to determine its truth is by
experimentation.
11. An AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should
be represented in such a way that:
The knowledge captures generalization.
It can be understood by people who must provide it.
It can easily be modified to correct errors and to reflect changes
in the world and in our world view.
It can be used in a great many situations even if it is not totally
accurate or complete.
It can be used to help overcome its own sheer bulk by helping to
narrow the range of possibilities that must usually be considered.
12. “What is our goal in trying to produce programs that do the
intelligent things that people do?”
Are we trying to produce programs that do the tasks the same way people
do?
Are we attempting to produce programs that simply do the task in
whatever way appears easiest?
13. Efforts to build programs that perform tasks the way
people do can be divided into two classes:-
In first class:-
Programs that attempt to solve problems that do not
really fit our definition of an AI task.
They are problems that a computer could easily solve.
Although that easy solution would exploit mechanisms
that do not seem to be available to people.
14. In second class:-
Programs that attempt to model human performance are those
that do things that fall more clearly within our definition of AI
tasks.
They do things that are not trivial for the computers.
There are several reasons one might want to model human
performance at these sorts of tasks:
To test psychological theories of human performance
To enable computers to understand human reasoning
To enable people to understand computer reasoning
To exploit what knowledge we can glean from people.
15. In 1950,Alan Turing proposed the method for determining
whether a machine can think.
This method is known as Turing test.
To conduct this test, we need
2 people
1 machine
One person plays the role of the interrogator, who is in a separate
room from the computer and the other person.
The interrogator can ask questions of either the person or the
computer by typing questions and receiving typed responses.
The interrogator knows them only as A and B
16. The goal of the machine is to
fool the interrogator into
believing that it is the person.
If the machine succeeds at
this, then we conclude that
the machine can think.
