Marine textiles are basically a branch of technical textiles

2.  Marine textile refers to the textiles used in
various applications in seas and oceans.
 Marine textiles are basically a branch of
technical textiles
 Marine textiles play an important role in every
vessel ranging from protection to upholstery.
 Marine textiles are classified based on it uses.
 Composites are being increasingly used for
various navigational aids.

3.  Fibres are used in functional applications and
more overtly in decorative applications.
 Fame retardancy is crucial and weight
savings are also important requirements.
 Transport, comfort, design and appearance.
 So composites occupy the maximum marine
market.
 Developing new outstanding features in
composites is a challenging task.

4.  UV degradation
 Abrasion resistance
 Flame resistance
 Soil resistance (easy to clean)
 Resistant to bacteria and microorganism
 High tear and Tensile strength
 Softer handle and Touch
 Very high bursting strength (sails)
 Sea (salt) water resistance

6.  Glass reinforced polymers are well established
in the boat-building industry, having been
used since the late 1940’s.
 Their advantageous characteristics of light
weight and high strength, design flexibility,
and low thermal conductivity.
 Reduced maintenance and repair costs.
 The most important advantage is their excellent
resistance.
 Kevlar (Du Point) is also used in combination
with glass fibre.

7.  The first sails were made from woven natural fibre
fabric sewn together.
 Synthetic fabrics were used.
 Kevlar and even carbon fibres are also sometimes
used.
 The crucial requirements for sail cloth are:
a. Lightweight, dimensional stability
b. Puncture resistance, high tear, burst and seam
strength.
c. Low porosity (i.e good cover) and low water
absorbency.
d. Good resistance to microbes and UV degradation
and smoothness.

8.  Hovercraft skirts are similar as the inflatable
craft.
 Nylon is the best overall fibre for this
application.

9.  Wasp is especially safe and easy to paddle due
the hull structure.
 To build wasp with three layers of Kevlar &
fiberglass.
 Making a ultra lightweight paddle with
composite materials.
 Make a paddle with Fiberglass, carbon, foam,
wood, & epoxy.

10.  Inflatable craft have become widely used since around
1960.
 They are used as pleasure craft, as fright carrying
vessels, crafts and life boats.
 Good tear strength is important to prevent propagation
of any damage.
 The material (Nylon, Polyester, aramid) fabric coated
for water and oil resistance.
 Polyester’s higher yarn modulus gives it more
disadvantages than nylon. It is usually more difficult to
bond rubber coating.
 Aramid fibers may be used if cost allows as significant
amount of weight can be saved.

11.  The sub marine is classified with different as per the
work end use they are.
a. Ballistic missile submarines
b. Guided missile submarines
c. Nuclear power attack submarine
d. Diesel-electric attack submarine
e. Non nuclear submarine
f. Special mission submarine
 All these all of submarine hull are made with the fibre
(Glass or Carbon) composite material with different
level of contribution as per the require end use
purpose.
 To minimize the evolution of toxic fumes by careful
selection of materials.

12.  Yacht used in the America’s Cup races
 Aramid honeycomb sandwich structure
material were used for the hull.

13.  Cruise ships can be regarded as floating hotels
and therefore, textile properties requirements
must be of contract standard.
 Furnishing, windows cover, bed sheets &
spreads, carpets are required some important
property’s they are durable, noise free and
vibration damping, excellent fast to light,
rubbing and salt water, anti static etc.

14.  Nylon is used in first generation.
 In the second generation mostly HDPE yarns
because it have more property than first
generation fibres like lesser weight, less
elongation, UV resistant, seawater resistant,
anti rot properties and good life long etc…

15.  Mid 20th century with the introduction of nylon
ropes, followed by polyester.
 These ropes were about half the weight of steel
ropes for about twice the diameter and the same
strength.
 Ropes made from the second generation of
synthetic fibres-aramid, Vectran, high-modulus
polyethylene, and PBO, PBI give diameters similar
to steel but in one-tenth its weight.
 There is a range of ropes optimized for the
different uses in climbing as per the end use
purpose.

16.  Usually produced from woven nylon base
fabric of about 175 GSM coated with Hypalon,
polychloroprene, PVC or PVC/nitrile rubber
are inflated to a fairely low pressure.
 But they have to be oil resistant.

17.  The base fabric for life rafts and jackets is
generally woven polyamide with butyl or
natural rubber, thermoplastic polyurethane or
polychloroprene coatings.
 The life Rafts is 230-685 gsm & life jackets are
230-290 gsm

18.  It will cover the whole body.
 Retro-reflective tape on head, chest and arms.
 Immersion suit are made of synthetic fibre or
high performance fibres and also treating with
some finishes like water repellent, flame
retardant finishes etc….

20.  Materials form an integral part of the way
composite structures perform. Because the builder
is creating a structural material from diverse
constituent compounds, material science concepts
are essential to the understanding of how
structural composites behave.
 There are three broad groups of composite
materials
• Reinforcements materials
• Resins materials and
• Core Materials

21.  Fiberglass
 Spectra
 Treveria
 Carbon Fibers
 Polyester and Nylon

22.  Glass fibers account for over 90% of the fibers used in
reinforced plastics.
 Additionally, glass fibers exhibit good chemical
resistance and processability.
 The excellent tensile strength.
 Continuous glass fibers are formed by extruding
molten glass to filament diameters between 5-25
micrometers.
 Individual filaments are coated with a sizing to reduce
abrasion and then combined into a strand of either 102
or 204 filaments.
 The cost for this variety of glass fiber is about three to
four times that of E-glass.
 S-glass exhibits about one third better tensile strength.

23.  Allied Corporation developed a high
strength/modulus extended chain
polyethylene fiber called Spectra® that was
introduced in 1985.
 Room temperature specific mechanical
properties of Spectra®®are slightly better than
Kevlar although performance at elevated
temperatures falls off.
 Chemical and wear resistance data is superior
to the aramids.

24.  Trevira is a heat treated polyester fiber fabric
designed as a “bulking” material and as a gel
coat barrier to reduce “print-through.”
 Although polyester fibers have fairly high
strengths, their stiffness is considerably below
that of glass.
 Other attractive features include low density,
reasonable cost, good impact and fatigue
resistance, and potential for vibration damping
and blister resistance.

25.  The terms “carbon” and “graphite” fibers are
typically used interchangeably, although graphite
technically refers to fibers that are greater than
99% carbon composition versus 93 to 95% for
PAN-base fibers.
 All continuous carbon fibers produced to date are
made from organic precursors, which in addition
to PAN, include rayon and pitches, with the latter
two generally used for low modulus fibers.
 Carbon fibers offer the highest strength and
stiffness of all commonly used reinforcement
fibers.

26.  The fibers are not subject to stress rupture
or stress corrosion, as with glass and
aramids.
 High temperature performance is
particularly outstanding.
 The major drawback to the PAN-base
fibers is their relative cost, which is a
function of high precursor costs and an
energy intensive manufacturing process.

27.  Polyester and nylon thermoplastic fibers have
recently been introduced to the marine
industry as primary reinforcements and in a
hybrid arrangement with fiberglass.
 Allied Corporation has developed a fiber called
COMPET®, which is the product of applying a
finish to PET fibers that enhances matrix
adhesion properties.

28.  Polyester Resins
 Vinyl Ester Resins
 Epoxy Resins
 Thermoplastics Resins

29.  Polyester resins are the simplest, most
economical resin systems that are easiest to use
and show good chemical resistance.
 Most polyesters are air inhibited and will not
cure when exposed to air.
 Typically, paraffin is added to the resin
formulation.
 However, the wax film on the surface presents a
problem for secondary bonding or finishing and
must be physically removed.
 Non-air inhibited resins do not present this
problem and are therefore, more widely accepted
in the marine industry.
 The two basic polyester resins used in the marine
industry are orthophthalic and isophthalic.

30.  Vinyl ester resins are unsaturated resins.
 The resulting polymer is mixed with an
unsaturated monomer, such as styrene.
 The handling and performance
characteristics of vinyl esters are similar
to polyesters.
 Some advantages of the vinyl esters,
include superior corrosion resistance,
hydrolytic stability, and excellent
physical properties.
 It has been shown that a 20 to 60 mil
layer with a vinyl ester resin matrix can
provide an excellent permeation barrier
to resist blistering in marine laminates.

31.  Epoxy resins are a broad family of
materials that contain a reactive functional
group in their molecular structure.
 Epoxy resins show the best performance
characteristics of all the resins used in the
marine industry.
 Aerospace applications use epoxy almost
exclusively, except when high temperature
performance is critical.
 The high cost of epoxies and handling
difficulties have limited their use for large
marine structures.

32.  Thermoplastics have one- or two-dimensional
molecular structures.
 The thermoplastics generally come in the form
of molding compounds.
 Their use in the marine industry has generally
been limited to small boats and recreational
items.
 Reinforced thermoplastic materials have
recently been investigated for the large scale
production of structural components.
 Some attractive features include no exotherm,
and enhanced damage tolerance.

33.  Balsa
 Thermoset Foams
 Cross Linked PVC Foams
 Linear PVC Foam
 PMI (polymethacrylimide)Foam
 Honeycomb

34.  Balsa's closed-cell structure consists of
elongated, cells with a length that is
approximately sixteen times the
diameter.
 The material exhibits excellent
stiffness and bond strength.
 Although the static strength of balsa
panels will generally be higher than
the PVC foams, impact energy
absorption is lower.
 Local impact resistance is very good.
 End-grain balsa is available in sheet
form.

35.  Foamed plastics such as cellular cellulose acetate
(CCA), polystyrene, and polyurethane are very
light and resist water, fungi and decay.
 These materials have very low mechanical
properties and polystyrene will be attacked by
polyester resin.
 These foams will not conform to complex curves
and their uses are generally limited to buoyancy
rather than structural applications.
 Polyurethane is often foamed in-place when used
as a buoyancy material.

36.  Polyvinyl foam cores are manufactured by combining a
polyvinyl copolymer with stabilizers, plasticizers,
cross-linking compounds and blowing agents.
 Mixture is heated under pressure to initiate the cross-
linking reaction.
 Cell diameters range from .0100 to .100 inches (as
compared to .0013 inches for balsa).
 The resulting material is thermoplastic.
 PVC foams have almost exclusively replaced urethane
foams.
 As with the balsa products, solid sheets or scrim
backed block construction configurations are available.

37.  Airex® and Core-Cell® are examples of linear
PVC.
 Unique mechanical properties are a result of a
non-connected molecular structure.
 In comparison to the cross linked, static
properties will be less favorable.
 Diameters range from .020 to .080 inches.

38.  PMI foam for composite construction called
Rohacell®.
 The material requires minimum laminating
pressures.
 The most attractive feature of this material is its
ability to withstand curing temperatures in
excess of 350℉.

39.  Constituent materials include aluminum, phenolic
resin impregnated fiberglass, polypropylene and
aramid fiber phenolic treated paper.
 Physical properties vary in a near linear fashion
with density.
 Fabrication of extremely lightweight panels is
possible with honeycomb cores
 Applications in a marine environment are limited.
 The Navy has had some corrosion problems when
an aluminum honeycomb.

40.  Marine textile materials are used for interior
trim.
 Textile material have used in the form of
composite for various utilizes like weight
reduction, strength improvement,
environmental friendly.
 Improvements and advances are assisted by
the invention of novel processes and more
specialist materials and composites.
 Significant discoveries bringing tremendous
benefits.