LESSON_2-19TH_CENTURY_PHILIPPINE_AS_RIZAL_S_CONTEXT.pptx

MASINING NA PAGPAPAHAYAG
G. MARKGIL H. MENGUITA, LPT
RIZAL’S LIFE AND WORKS
1
FIL MP
SAINT VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO
S.Y. 2020-2021 2nd SEMESTER
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LESSON 2
19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS
RIZAL’S CONTEXT
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DESCRIBE THE
OLD PHILIPPINES.
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INTRODUCTION
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• To fully appreciate the details of Rizal's life related in the previous chapter, one
needs to locate him within the wider context of the Philippines in the nineteenth
century. This chapter will discuss the changing landscape of Philippine
economy in the nineteenth century and describe how these developments had
an impact on the society in which Rizal grew up, matured, and eventually was
martyred. It will begin by looking at the tremendous economic development
starting in the late eighteenth century as a product of multiple factors. The
chapter will then map the effects of economic developments on Spanish
policies on education, social life, and the people of the Philippines. The role of
an important population, the Chinese mestizos, in Philippine life and economy
will also be noted. These Chinese mestizos will be located in the context of the
changing social stratification in the Philippines.
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CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF PHILIPPINE
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
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• Many scholars consider the 19th century as an era of profound change in the
Philippines.
• Great influence of the Spanish colonization (cite examples)
• Habsburgs to Bourbons Dynasty
• Under the new leadership of the Spanish, political policies changed and Jose
de Basco y Vargas was named as the first governor-general in the Philippines
under Bourbon’s Dynasty who arrived here in 1778.
• Galleon Trade is the main economic institution existing in the Philippines.
• In the field of industrialization, demands for raw materials brought an
opportunity for the Philippines to show market potential and to be export-
oriented economy.
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ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
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• Development in agricultural products.
• Basco established the Royal Philippine Company in 1978 to finance
agricultural projects and manage the new trade being established between the
Philippines and Spain (and Europe) as well as other Asian markets.
• Royal Philippine Company was fraught with issues of mismanagement and
corruption.
• As Basco pushed for the reforms, he lifted a ban on Chinese merchants that
reinvigorated internal trade; initialized the development of cash crop farms;
relaxed certain policies that allowed the gradual opening of Manila to foreign
markets; and established the Tobacco Monopoly to maximize the production of
this export good.
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ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
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• By 1810, the Mexican War of Independence rattled the Spanish empire, as it
would eventually lead to the loss of the precious Latin American colonies. With
this came the eventual end of the Galleon Trade which became a concern in
the Philippines.
• As the Philippine economy hung in the balance, policies were recalibrated and
with the eventual closing of the Royal Philippine Company, Manila was opened
to world trade by 1834. As a result, some burgeoning Manila foreign of
merchants and the major agricultural took over investments and the traders
cash role crop came of came financing, export from and British eventually-
oriented and facilitating and, resided American economy the in traders that set
up merchant houses in Manila.
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ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
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• The rapid development of the economy began to flow in the Philippines
through cash crops. By the first half of the 19th century, majority of the exports
of the Philippines came from cash crops like tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo,
abaca and coffee.
• The importance of land became more evident as cash crops became the
major source of revenue in the colony. As the provinces shifted to cultivating
cash crops, land ownership and management began to be a concern.
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ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
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• The farmers felt the pressure of the economy while the hacenderos
grabbed the opportunity. For example, when a small landowner needed
capital and money, he would engage in a pacto de retroventa, an
agreement of sale guaranteeing that he could buy the land back at the
same price at which it was sold. However, it became difficult to buy back
land given the continuously increasing demand of the economy and the
renewals of the sale, which further buried the farmers to indebtedness.
Eventually, they would forfeit the land and would be forced to become
tenant farmers, or kasama. Aside from this mode, land acquisition also
came in the form of land-grabbing. As the growing economy required
better management of lands, inquilinos emerged, renting land to sublet it
to smaller farmers. These factors would bring change to the social
stratification in the countryside that, as the next chapter will show, did not
continue without tensions and contestations.
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THE CHINESE AND CHINESE MESTIZOS
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• The sectors that greatly benefited from the changing economy were the
Chinese and the Chinese mestizos. Since pre-colonial times, the natives of the
Philippines had had trade relations with the Chinese. During the height of the
Galleon Trade, it was also Chinese products that comprised most the goods
being traded. The influx of Chinese settlements in the Philippines made the
Spaniards suspicious of the Chinese. These feelings led to stringent state
policies towards the sangley ranging from higher taxes, the restriction of
movement with the establishment of the Chinese enclave (the Parian), to
actual policies of expulsion.
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THE CHINESE AND CHINESE MESTIZOS
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• The Chinese, however, proved to be “necessary outsiders” in Philippine
colonial economy and society. Although the Spaniards were wary of the
Chinese, they realized the importance that the latter played in sustaining the
economy. From the goods loaded on the galleons to the development of retail
trade, the Chinese enlivened the economy. Eventually and gradually, they
became integrated into colonial society, giving rise to intermarriages with indios
that gave birth to Chinese mestizos. The Chinese mestizos assumed an
important role in the economy all throughout the Spanish colonial period. They
influenced the changing economy in the nineteenth century by purchasing
land, accumulating wealth and influence.
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IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY
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• The economic developments, as mentioned, precipitated social, political, and
cultural developments as well. For example, the new economy demanded a
more literate population to address the rising need for a more professionalized
workforce to man the trading activities in Manila and other centers. This
demand compelled the issuance of the colonial government order in 1836 that
required all towns to set up primary schools to teach the population how to
read and write.
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• It eventually led to the passage of an education decree in 1863 that mandated
free primary education. Eventually, the nineteenth century also gave birth to
many schools that addressed the growing demand for more professionals.
Schools like Ateneo Municipal were established during this time. The complex
nature of the developing economy also allowed the government to intensify
bureaucratization and to streamline colonial governance.
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14
• As Manila became a trading center, it became a viable destination for people
seeking better opportunities or those wanting to escape the worsening
conditions in the farmlands. The increased rate of internal migration raised
several concerns. One, people flocked the centers of trade like Manila.
Overcrowding implied issues in living quarters, sanitation and public health,
and increase in criminality. Two, the continuous movement of people made tax
collection extra difficult. In order to mitigate these concerns, one measure
implemented was the 1849 decree of Governor-General Narciso Claveria that
urged the people in the colony to adopt surnames.
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• With the catalogo de apellidos drawn up, the colonial government assigned
surnames to people and forbade changing names at will. Together with more
policies like the registration and possession of a cedula personal bearing one's
name and residence, the colonial government sought to have a better
surveillance mechanism. To help carry out policies better, the guardia civil was
eventually established. As the new economy afforded the colonial state new
opportunities, it also prompted the state to be more regulatory and to assert its
authority.
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RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
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• The Philippine society felt the impact of the developing economy. As a result,
social relations underwent redefinitions and the changing dynamics brought
about a renegotiation of social stratification. With the growing relevance of the
mestizo population, new lines were drawn with the following social strata:
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Peninsular Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Iberian
Peninsula (i.e., Spain)
Insular Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Philippines
Mestizo Born of mixed parentage, a mestizo can be:
Spanish mestizo-one parent is Spanish, the Mestizo other is a native; or
Chinese mestizo-one parent is Chinese, the other is a native
eninsular Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Iberian
Peninsula (i.e., Spain)
sular Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Philippines
estizo Born of mixed parentage, a mestizo can be:
Spanish mestizo-one parent is Spanish, the Mestizo other is a native; or
Chinese mestizo-one parent is Chinese, the other is a native

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Principalia Wealthy pure-blooded native supposedly descended from the kadatoan
class
Indio Pure-blooded native of the Philippines
Chino infiel Non-Catholic pure-blooded Chinese

18
• As the Spaniards lost economic power in the nineteenth century, they asserted
dominance by virtue of their race. This issue brought complications with the
rising principalia and mestizo populations who realized their indispensable
position in society as movers and facilitators of the economy. The renegotiation
continued throughout the century as the mestizos and principalia elite
eventually demanded social recognition that the pure-blooded Spaniards
had consistently denied them.
• These wealthy mestizos and members of the principalia continued to amass
economic and cultural capital. They also availed themselves of the opportunity
to obtain higher degrees of education not only in the Philippines but also in
Europe. These activities augmented their relevance in society as it was from
these ranks that articulations of nationalism would emerge.
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SUMMARY
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This chapter aimed to situate Rizal’s life within the larger context of the
nineteenth century. It focused on the economic and social developments in the
century that shaped the world in which Rizal lived. The Philippines, being part of
the wider Spanish empire, underwent changes when the Spanish Crown also
had a dynastic shift in the eighteen century. With this came the Bourbon reforms
that brought new policies of economic reorientation for the colonies. With the
development of the cash ‘crop economy and the opening of Manila and other
cities to world trade, the economy boomed in the nineteenth century.
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ACTIVITY 1
20
CREATE!
Direction: Create a worksheet containing the table illustrated
below. Write the changes and developments that were felt in the
nineteenth-century Philippines. After listing the changes, plot them
within Rizal's biography and write which aspects you think had a
direct or indirect impact on Rizal while citing events in his life.
Write your answer in your printed module or use one whole sheet
of paper, One page only. Comment your answer in the post that
can be seen in my timeline. See deadline as well.
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ACTIVITY 1
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Change and Development Relation to Rizal’s Life
ECONOMICS
POLITICAL
SOCIO-CULTURAL

PROJECT
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LOOK FOR RIZAL’S MONUMENTS AROUND THE WORLD AND WRITE A SHORT
DESCRIPTION ABOUT IT. MAKE SURE YOU CITE ALL YOUR REFERENCES(LAST
PAGE).
10 MONUMENTS
PDF FILE
8.5X13 (LONG)
12 PAGES ONLY (1ST PAGE-FRONT PAGE)(12TH PAGE-REFERENCES) (PAGES 2-
11-CONTENT)
DEADLIEST DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 01, 2020 TUESDAY
7:00PM-7:30PM (GC)
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LESSON_2-19TH_CENTURY_PHILIPPINE_AS_RIZAL_S_CONTEXT.pptx

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LESSON_2-19TH_CENTURY_PHILIPPINE_AS_RIZAL_S_CONTEXT.pptx