This document discusses judgment, propositions, and logical statements. It defines judgment as a mental act of affirming or denying something, while a proposition is the product of judgment expressed as a statement. Propositions take the form of sentences and can be declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. Categorical propositions have a subject, predicate, and copula that relate the subject and predicate. The quality, quantity, and form of propositions are also explained. Hypothetical propositions include conditional statements relating an antecedent and consequent, disjunctive statements presenting alternatives, and conjunctive statements asserting two alternatives cannot be true together. Venn diagrams are introduced to visually represent categorical statements using circles for classes

1. Judgment
and
Proposition
or
Logical Statement

2. JUDGMENT and PROPOSITION
Judgment
- is the mental act which affirms or
denies something.
Proposition
- the product of judgment.
- a statement that affirms (asserts)
or denies (negates) something.

3. • Proposition is in a form of a sentence as a group of words that
expresses a complete thought.
4 Kinds of Sentences
1.) Declarative : states a fact
Ex. My house is a red-roofed bungalow in Greenhills.
2.) Interrogative : asks a question
Ex. How are you today?
3.) Imperative : makes a request or gives a command
Ex. (a.) Please send me some sampaguita plants.
(b.) "Build more stately mansions, O my soul."
4.) Exclamatory : expresses a strong feeling
Ex. What a lovely thing to say!
PROPOSITION

4. To the Logicians:
a.) according to Bachhuber:
proposition is being expressed by a declarative sentence, for
both assert or deny something.
Ex. "Cainta is a town in Rizal province." (asserting)
" Manuel L. Quezon was not the first Vice-President of the
Philippines" (denying)
b.) according to Copi
insisted that there must be a distinction between form (kinds
of sentences) and function (informative, expressive, directive)
-not every declarative sentence seeks to inform. Quite a
number of declarative sentences are ceremonial and expressive, as
with gratitude and appreciation.
PROPOSITION

5. To the Logicians:
c.) according to Aristotle:
-defines proposition as "a sentence that could either be true
or false."
-this does not mean, however, that the proposition is in fact
true or false. What matters is that this is a proposition, a logical
statement, where something is asserted, and which could either be
true or false.
PROPOSITION

6. Kinds of Propositions
a. categoral or attributed
b. hypothetical
c. existential
d. non-existential
e. simple
f. compound
Basic Elements of the
Categorical Proposition
a. it has a subject- predicate
relationship
b. its subject is affirmed or
denied by the predicate
therefore, its basic elements
are:
1.) the subject
2.) the predicate
3.) the copula
PROPOSITION

7. SUBJECT
- the one spoken of: the one about whom or of which
something is affirmed or denied.
PREDICATE
- is what is affirmed or denied of the subject.
COPULA
- links the subject with the predicate; a verb to be: is, am, are
(affirmative) and is, am, are not (negative)
PROPOSITION
"The story he told you is apocryphal."
story : subject
apocryphal (fictitious) : predicate
is : copula

8. NOTE: for the purpose of Logic, tenses are
irrelevant. The copula "is" should be taken a
tenseless sense; its pasta and future forms are
usually considered part of the predicate.
In this connection, it is important to note that
number, in the grammatical sense, is irrelevant
also to logic.
PROPOSITION

9. Quality of the Proposition
-Copula is the qualifier of the Proposition. Because of it, the
proposition is either affirmative or negative.
Example:
1. He who is not a college graduate is ineligible.
2. Some animals are non-mammals.
PROPOSITION
Quantity of Extension of the Proposition
-quantity of the proposition is equivalent to quantity of its subject.
It is:
Singular if subject stands for a single definite individual or group.
Particular if the subject designates an indefinite part of its total extension.
Universal if the subject can apply to every portion signified by the term.

10. Quantity or Extension of the Proposition
Example:
1.) Singular: Shakespeare is England’s
greatest dramatist.
2.) Particular: Some prima ballerinas are
Margot Fonteyn and Natalia Makarova.
3.) Universal: Love is many-splendor
things.

11. Quantity of the Predicate
Three Points in Determining the Quantity of the Predicate
1. Find out if the predicate is singular.
Ex. Dr. Christian Barnard is the most outstanding
heart transplant surgeon.
2. If the predicate is not singular, and if the proposition
is affirmative, then the predicate is particular.
Ex. Gabriel Marcel is a French philosopher.
3. If the predicate is not singular, and if the proposition
is negative, then the predicate is universal.
Ex. Some men are not artists.

12. Symbols and Categorical Statements
• Attempts to make Logic a science of symbols
to achieve shortcuts to correct reasoning.
Symbols for the Four Categorical Statements
(A,E,I,O)
A and I are taken from the two vowels of
AffIrmo (affirm) and E & O from the two vowels
of nEgO (negate or deny)

13. Symbols and Categorical Statements
A- stands for universal or singular and
affirmative statements.
E- stands for universal or singular and negative
statements.
I- stands for particular and affirmative
statements.
O- stands for particular and negative
statements.

14. Symbols andCategorical
Statements
universal/singular
A
I
E
O
affirmative negative
particular

15. Symbols and Categorical Statements
A:
1. All roses are flowers.
2. Every cloud has its silver lining.
3. Man is a being-for-death.
4. Whoever wins will be awarded a trip to Hongkong.
5. Wherever you go, I go.
6. Whatever will be, will be.
7. All of us in this room are Filipinos.
8. Everything is in a flux.
9. Francis is a scholarly Jesuit.
10. His lecture on Philosophy and art is a brilliant piece of
work.

16. E:
1. No atheist is a believer in God.
2. No bird has four legs.
3. Love of country is not a commodity for sale.
4. None of the invited top brass showed up.
5. Love means not having to say you are sorry.
6. I never said he was a crook.
7. He loves me not.
8. Not any of the men to be arrested could be located.
9. No pill box is a safe weapon.
10. A squash is not an eggplant.
Symbols and Categorical Statements

17. Symbols and Categorical Statements
I:
1. Some philosophers are essentialists.
2. Several philosophers are existentialists.
3. Many movies are, in whole or in part pornographic.
4. A few heart transplant patients are still alive.
5. Most cultures are deeply religious.
6. Filipinos are music lovers.
7. The Japanese soldiers in World War II were barbarians.
8. Pampanguenas are good cooks.
9. Almost all people condemned the Plaza Miranda carnage.
10. Quite a few tourists are knowledgeable of our scenic
spots.

18. Symbols and Categorical Statements
O:
1. Some dogs are not black.
2. Not all women are fickle.
3. A few Filipinos are not literate.
4. Many Americans are not rich.
5. Most Russians are not Communist Party members.
6. Some things in life are not edible.
7. All that shines is not gold.
8. From the economic standpoint , not all men are equal.
9. Not everyone who wears glasses is smart.
10. All parrots cannot talk.

19. THE LOGICAL FORM
Most of the propositions taken up follow a consistent pattern:
S is P (subject-copula-predicate). Those already adept in logic
can easily translate, mentally, any proposition into a standard-
form categorical statement.
The following illustrate the logical form:
A propositions:
1. Mario sells newspapers.
Mario is a [newsboy]
2. Shakespeare wrote a drama Macbeth.
Shakespeare is the [dramatist] of Macbeth.
Shakespeare is the [author] of the drama Macbeth.

20. THE LOGICAL FORM
3. Whatever is material will decay.
All things which are material are [substances] which
will decay.
E propositions:
1. No crocodiles fly.
No crocodiles are [flyers].
2. None of the guests came.
No guests are [guests] who came. or
No guests are [people] who came.

21. THE LOGICAL FORM
I propositions:
1. Some broken hearts can be mended.
Some broken hearts are mendable [things].
2. A dog barked furiously last night.
Some dog is an [animal] which barked furiously last
night.
O Proposition:
1. Several student radicals have not traveled to Red China.
several student radicals are not [travelers] to Red
China.
2. We saw the zarzuela and did not enjoy it.
Some times that we saw the zarzuela are not [times]
that we enjoyed.

22. The Hypothetical Proposition
Hypothetical Proposition
-is a compound proposition which contains
a proposed or tentative explanation.
Compound Proposition
- consists of at least two clauses connected
by conjunctions, adverbs, etc. which expresses
the relationship between the clauses as well as
our assent to it.

23. • The clauses are simple propositions of the
A-E-I-O variety.
3 Kinds of Hypothetical Proposition
1. Conditional Proposition
2. Disjunctive Proposition
3. Conjunctive Proposition
The Hypothetical Proposition

24. 1. Conditional Proposition
- a compound proposition in which one clause
asserts something as true provided that the other clause
is true.
- the first clause= “if” clause or termed as the
‘antecedent’.
- the second clause = “then” clause or called as the
‘consequent’.
Example:
If strong typhoons come, then crops will be
destroyed.
(1.) The Hypothetical Proposition

25. (1.) Conditional Proposition
Antecedent: If strong typhoon comes
Consequent: then crops will be destroyed.
NOTE: the “if…then” are the connectives and indicate that if
the antecedent is true, then, the consequent must be true.
IMORTANT:
-sequence between the two.
-antecedent must flow with logical necessity into the
consequent
-it does not matter whether individually the
antecedent or the consequence is true or false; what matters
is the relationship between them.

26. (2.) The Hypothetical Proposition
2. Disjunctive Proposition
- “alternative proposition”
- It is the one which presents two or more
alternatives, one of which may be true.
- Its members are linked by the conjunctions
“either…or.”
- It may either be strict disjunctive or broad
disjunctive.

27. (2.) Disjunctive Proposition
Strict Disjunctive
- Only one member is true and the others are
false.
Ex. “Either he is an angel or a devil.”
- A proposition and its contradictory may be
asserted.
- Ex. Either a triangle is a three-sided figure or it is a
non-three-sided figure.”

28. (2.) Disjunctive Proposition
Broad Disjunctive
- one member or more than one member may
be true.
Example:
“Either Luciano or Edgardo are TOYM candidates.”
- The distinction between the strict and the broad
disjunctive is based on the analysis of the subject
matter and context.

29. (3.) The Hypothetical Proposition
3. Conjunctive Proposition
- one which asserts that two alternatives
cannot be true at the same time. In fact, both
alternatives may be false.
Example:
1. You cannot be in the faculty room and in the
auditorium at the same time.
2. A thing cannot exist and not exist at the same
time.

30. Reported by GROUP #3
“JUDGEMENT and PROPOSITION or LOGICAL
STATEMENT”
Arlene Abonales
Maria Joyce Lim
Renzie Relota
Kersha Sheene Martos
Art Marie Getonzo
Kimberly Havoc

31. The Venn Diagrams
- A clearer presentation of categorical
statement.
- Called after the English mathematician and
logician John Venn who first introduced it
during the nineteenth century.
- If we represent the subject as S and the
predicate as P, then anything that is not the
subject is S’ and anything that is not the
predicate is P’.

32. The Venn Diagrams
Figure 2
Figure 2 represents class
S- a class of persons or
objects. It does not
represent a proposition,
i.e., it does not assert
anything.
S
Sˡ
Figure 3
Figure 3 is a shaded circle.
It represents a
nullification of class S. It
means that class S has no
members.
S
x
Figure 4
Figure 4 has an x in its
center. It represents the
fact that there are S’s, i.e.,
that there is at least one
member of S, that class S
is not empty.