SMDH 2015 TG. KARANG: METHODS OF T&L SCIENCE (BIOLOGY)

Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016
SEK MEN DATO HARUN,SEK MEN DATO HARUN,
TANJONG KARANGTANJONG KARANG 1111Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016
DR. ARBA’AT HASSANDR. ARBA’AT HASSAN
BSc; MSc; PhD (Illinois, USABSc; MSc; PhD (Illinois, USA))
Bekas Pelajar SMDH 1965-69Bekas Pelajar SMDH 1965-69
email: arbaat@yahoo.comemail: arbaat@yahoo.com
Assalamualaikum wbth …Assalamualaikum wbth …
dandan Selamat PetangSelamat Petang

22Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016 22
METHODS OFMETHODS OF
T&L SCIENCET&L SCIENCE
(BIOLOGY)(BIOLOGY)
SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG
KARANG

DEFINITIONDEFINITION
• Teach:…………..Teacher:……….Teach:…………..Teacher:……….
• Learn:……………Learner:……….Learn:……………Learner:……….
• Teaching methods: …actions initiated byTeaching methods: …actions initiated by
teachers to guide instruction and learningteachers to guide instruction and learning
SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONGSEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG
KARANGKARANG
33Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016

Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016 4444
METHODSMETHODS
• What methods suit you?What methods suit you?
• ……many; varies; multiple;…many; varies; multiple;…
• ……involve the use of materials but theyinvolve the use of materials but they
are distinct from the materialsare distinct from the materials
themselvesthemselves
• e.g.: a teacher may ask students to read ae.g.: a teacher may ask students to read a
textbook, develop note-taking skills,textbook, develop note-taking skills,
experience themselves, etc.experience themselves, etc.
KARANG

METHODSMETHODS
• ……require skills to become effectiverequire skills to become effective
• ……a teacher may be very exciting as aa teacher may be very exciting as a
lecturer or story teller; but…lecturer or story teller; but…
• ……other, may be boring; andother, may be boring; and
• ……other, may confuse students.other, may confuse students.
• …… so, what is theso, what is the BESTBEST methods neededmethods needed
in teaching?in teaching?
SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG KARANG

METHODSMETHODS
Your answer:Your answer:
• TheThe BEST(?)BEST(?) method/s of teaching andmethod/s of teaching and
learning arelearning are
…………………………………………….....…………………………………………….....
……………………………………………….……………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………..........
…………………………………………………………………………………………..........
…………………………………………………………………………………………..........
………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016 66SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG KARANG

METHODSMETHODS
• Teaching methods are generally chosenTeaching methods are generally chosen
to enhance learningto enhance learning butbut theythey cannotcannot
guarantee that learning takes place.guarantee that learning takes place.
WHY?WHY?
• ……students vary theirstudents vary their abilities; interestsabilities; interests;;
previous experience; background;previous experience; background; etc.etc.
• Learning process is controlled by manyLearning process is controlled by many
factors.factors.
KARANG

TEACHING METHODSTEACHING METHODS
Teaching methods can be groupedTeaching methods can be grouped
intointo THREETHREE categories:categories:
A. LISTENINGA. LISTENING──SPEAKINGSPEAKING
B. READINGB. READING──WRITINGWRITING
C. WATCHINGC. WATCHING──DOINGDOING
KARANG

1.1. LectureLecture ─majority!─majority!
2.2. Giving instructionGiving instruction
3.3. RecitationRecitation
4.4. Drill methodDrill method
5.5. ReviewReview
6.6. QuestioningQuestioning
7.7. Oral examinationOral examination
8.8. DiscussionDiscussion
9.9. Film analysisFilm analysis
10.10. DebateDebate
11.11. Oral reportOral report
12.12. BrainstormingBrainstorming

1.1. TextbookTextbook
2.2. WorkbookWorkbook
3.3. ChalkboardChalkboard
4.4. Bulletin boardBulletin board
5.5. Problem-solvingProblem-solving
6.6. Laboratory reportLaboratory report
7.7. Team learningTeam learning
8.8. Peer reviewPeer review
9.9. Peer tutoringPeer tutoring
10.10.ProgrammedProgrammed
instructioninstruction
11.11.IndividualizedIndividualized
12.12.Note-takingNote-taking
13.13.Journal-keepingJournal-keeping

1.1. DemonstrationDemonstration
2.2. Field tripField trip
3.3. ContactContact
4.4. ““Hands-on”/LabHands-on”/Lab
5.5. InquiryInquiry
6.6. Learning centreLearning centre
7.7. ProjectProject
8.8. SimulationSimulation
9.9. GamesGames
10.10. Exploratory-Exploratory-
DiscoveryDiscovery

1.1. LectureLecture ─majority!─majority!
2.2. Giving instructionGiving instruction
3.3. RecitationRecitation
4.4. Drill methodDrill method
5.5. ReviewReview
6.6. QuestioningQuestioning
7.7. Oral examinationOral examination
8.8. DiscussionDiscussion
9.9. Film analysisFilm analysis
10.10. DebateDebate
11.11. Oral reportOral report
12.12. BrainstormingBrainstorming

1. LECTURE1. LECTURE
•Purpose: deliver informationPurpose: deliver information
orallyorally
•Use: wide; mostly; traditionalUse: wide; mostly; traditional
•Teacher dominance: highTeacher dominance: high
•Students: passiveStudents: passive
•Group size: 10Group size: 10──3030
•Activity: take notes and/or askActivity: take notes and/or ask
questionsquestions

14141414
1. LECTURE1. LECTURE

2. GIVING INSTRUCTION2. GIVING INSTRUCTION
• Purpose: provide direction forPurpose: provide direction for
students to begin a taskstudents to begin a task
• Use: wide; in every classroomUse: wide; in every classroom
activityactivity
• Teacher dominance: highTeacher dominance: high
• Students: passiveStudents: passive
• Group size: 1Group size: 1──3030
• Activity: direct students, take notesActivity: direct students, take notes
ask questions, and do itask questions, and do it

2. GIVING INSTRUCTION2. GIVING INSTRUCTION
2. GIVING INSTRUCTION
Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016 SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG KARANG

3. RECITATION3. RECITATION
•Purpose: assess what students
understand on a regular, informal to
reinforce correct or accurate
understanding
•Use: wide;Use: wide; traditional
•Teacher dominance:Teacher dominance: medium
•Students: aStudents: active
•Group size:Group size: 5──30
•Activity:Activity: Recall information that has
been presented

3. RECITATION3. RECITATION
•Purpose: assess what students know
or understand on a regular, informal to
reinforce correct or accurate
understanding
•Use: wide;Use: wide; traditional
•Teacher dominance:Teacher dominance: medium
•Students: aStudents: active
•Activity:Activity: Recalling information that has
been presented

4. DRILL METHOD4. DRILL METHOD
• Purpose: provide students withPurpose: provide students with
enough practice and reinforcement forenough practice and reinforcement for
specific learningspecific learning
• Use: wide, esp. in conjunction withUse: wide, esp. in conjunction with
written and oral exam method etc.written and oral exam method etc.
• Teacher dominance: mediumTeacher dominance: medium
• Students: activeStudents: active
• Group size: 1Group size: 1──3030
• Activity: repetition practiceActivity: repetition practice

5. REVIEW METHOD5. REVIEW METHOD
•Purpose: have students to look again at
something the have learned before
•Use: wide; an essential step in the
consolidation of information learned
•Teacher dominance: medium
•Students: active
•Activity: refer to textbook, workbook,
lecture notes, previous learning materials,
to recall the relationship

5. REVIEW5. REVIEW
METHODMETHOD

6.6. QUESTIONINGQUESTIONING
•Purpose: to stimulate thinking and
understanding
• Use: wide; common
• Teacher dominance: medium
• Students: active
• Group size:Group size: 1──30
• Activity: recall specific facts,
principles, synthesize information,
formula, etc.

6.6. QUESTIONINGQUESTIONING
•Purpose: to stimulate thinking
•Use: wide; common
•Students: active
•Activity: recall specific facts,
principles, synthesize information,
formula, etc.

7. ORAL EXAM7. ORAL EXAM
• Purpose: provide students with an
opportunity to demonstrate what they
have learned without express in writing
• Use: wide, traditional
• Group size:Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire
class)
• Activity: project, questioning, contract

7. ORAL EXAM7. ORAL EXAM
•Purpose: provide students with an
opportunity to demonstrate what they
have learned without express in writing
•Use: wide, traditional
•Students: active
•Group size:Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire
class)
•Activity: project, questioning, contract

8. DISCUSSION8. DISCUSSION
• Purpose: promotes free exchange of ideas
among students on a given topic-commonly
used
• Use: initiate by announcing the topic-
students is expected to contribute the idea
• Teacher dominance: high
• Activity: give and take among students

8. DISCUSSION8. DISCUSSION
•Purpose: to promote free exchange
of ideas among students on a
given topic-commonly Use:
•Use: initiate by announcing the topic-
students is expected to contribute the
idea
•Teacher dominance: high
•Students: active

9. FILM ANALYSIS9. FILM ANALYSIS
• Purpose: guide students toward new ideas/
generalization; arouse students’ interest
• Use: seldom, more dramatic than written
materials
• Activity: watching films, review, discussion,
questioning, etc.

9. FILM ANALYSIS9. FILM ANALYSIS
•Purpose: guide students toward new
ideas/generalization; arouse students’
interest
•Use: seldom, more dramatic than
written materials
•Teacher dominance: high
•Students: active
•Activity : watching films, review,
discussion, questioning, etc.Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016 2929

10. DEBATE10. DEBATE
• Purpose: argument to support views; enable
students to discuss opposing sides of a
question or issue
• Use: common, attractive
• Teacher dominance: low
• Activity: debate advantages and dis-
advantages on the development of nuclear
power

10. DEBATE10. DEBATE
•Purpose: argument to support views;
enable students to discuss opposing
sides of a question or issue
•Use: common, attractive
•Teacher dominance: low
•Students: active
•Activity: debate advantages and
disadvantages on the development of
nuclear power
3131SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG KARANG

11. ORAL REPORT11. ORAL REPORT
• Purpose: provide students with an
opportunity to demonstrate what they have
learned; allow students to tell about a topic
they have studied
• Use: common; wide
• Group size: 5──30
• Activity : students may show materials they
have collected or produced.

12. BRAINSTORMING12. BRAINSTORMING
• Purpose: encourage students to use their
creative imagination
• Use: frequent; in problem-solving method
• Activity: ask students to think about the
topic overnight

12. BRAINSTORMING12. BRAINSTORMING
•Purpose: encourage students to use
their creative imagination
•Use: frequent; in problem-solving
method
•Students: active
•Group size: 5──30
•Activity: ask students to think about the
topic overnight
Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG KARANG

1.1. TextbookTextbook
2.2. WorkbookWorkbook
3.3. ChalkboardChalkboard
4.4. Bulletin boardBulletin board
5.5. Problem-solvingProblem-solving
6.6. Laboratory reportLaboratory report
7.7. Team learningTeam learning
8.8. Peer reviewPeer review
9.9. Peer tutoringPeer tutoring
10.10.ProgrammedProgrammed
11.11.IndividualizedIndividualized
12.12.Note-takingNote-taking
13.13.Journal-keepingJournal-keeping

1. TEXTBOOK1. TEXTBOOK
• Purpose: to ensure uniformity inPurpose: to ensure uniformity in
learning through readinglearning through reading
• Use: quite frequent, traditionalUse: quite frequent, traditional
• Group size: 1-30Group size: 1-30
• Activity: keep class together (e.g.:Activity: keep class together (e.g.:
recitation; discussion; etc)recitation; discussion; etc)

1. TEXTBOOK1. TEXTBOOK
• Purpose: to ensure uniformity inPurpose: to ensure uniformity in
learning through readinglearning through reading
• Use: quite frequent, traditionalUse: quite frequent, traditional
• Activity: keep class together (e.g.:Activity: keep class together (e.g.:
recitation; discussion; etc)recitation; discussion; etc)

2. WORKBOOK2. WORKBOOK
• Purpose: to provide practice of skills andPurpose: to provide practice of skills and
application.application.
• Use: depend on how close the workbookUse: depend on how close the workbook
matches students’ readiness and purposematches students’ readiness and purpose
of activity with the objectivesof activity with the objectives
• Activity: varies (drill, review, lab report,Activity: varies (drill, review, lab report,
individualized instruction, etc.)individualized instruction, etc.)

3. CHALKBOARD3. CHALKBOARD
• Purpose: emphasizePurpose: emphasize
specific ideas orspecific ideas or
information in writing orinformation in writing or
graphic form forgraphic form for
students to see.students to see.
• Use: traditional; wideUse: traditional; wide
• Teacher dominance:Teacher dominance:
highhigh
• Activity: discussion,Activity: discussion,
brainstorming, givingbrainstorming, giving
instruction,instruction,
demonstrationdemonstration

4. BULLETIN BOARD4. BULLETIN BOARD
• Purpose: display information andPurpose: display information and
attract attention.attract attention.
• Use: frequent; improve effectivenessUse: frequent; improve effectiveness
of learningof learning
• Group size: 30Group size: 30
• Activity:Activity: lecture, project, field tripslecture, project, field trips

5. PROBLEM-SOLVING5. PROBLEM-SOLVING
• Purpose: provide students withPurpose: provide students with
practice and support while theypractice and support while they
learn to solve problems.learn to solve problems.
• Use: widely useUse: widely use
• Activity: generate many possibleActivity: generate many possible
ways to solve problemways to solve problem

6. LABORATORY REPORT6. LABORATORY REPORT
• Purpose: stimulate students’ thinkingPurpose: stimulate students’ thinking
and help them to generalize from theirand help them to generalize from their
laboratory experience.laboratory experience.
• Use: in science subjectUse: in science subject
• Students: medium activeStudents: medium active
• Activity: discussion, questioning,Activity: discussion, questioning,
team learning, peer review, workbookteam learning, peer review, workbook

6. LABORATORY REPORT6. LABORATORY REPORT
KARANG

7. TEAM LEARNING7. TEAM LEARNING
• Purpose: foster a spirit of sharing andPurpose: foster a spirit of sharing and
cooperation while students learn.cooperation while students learn.
• Use: frequently used by grouping studentsUse: frequently used by grouping students
in different skills and interest in manyin different skills and interest in many
subject areas.subject areas.
• Teacher dominance: lowTeacher dominance: low
• Group size: multiples of 5 or 6Group size: multiples of 5 or 6
• Activity: laboratory, oral report, inquiry,Activity: laboratory, oral report, inquiry,
projects, problem solvingprojects, problem solving
KARANG

7. TEAM LEARNING7. TEAM LEARNING
• Purpose: foster a spirit of sharingPurpose: foster a spirit of sharing
and cooperation while students learn.and cooperation while students learn.
• Use: frequently used by groupingUse: frequently used by grouping
students in different skills andstudents in different skills and
interest in many subject areas.interest in many subject areas.
• Group size: multiples of 5 or 6Group size: multiples of 5 or 6
• Activity: laboratory, oral report,Activity: laboratory, oral report,
inquiry, projects, problem solvinginquiry, projects, problem solving
Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016 4646SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG

8. PEER REVIEW8. PEER REVIEW
• Purpose: enhance students’ learningPurpose: enhance students’ learning
by having them apply high standardsby having them apply high standards
provided by teacher.provided by teacher.
• Use: frequent; evaluate each other’sUse: frequent; evaluate each other’s
work; improve their own work.work; improve their own work.
• Teacher dominance: low.Teacher dominance: low.
• Group size: 1:1Group size: 1:1
• Activity: writing activitiesActivity: writing activities
KARANG

8. PEER REVIEW8. PEER REVIEW
Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016 4848SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG KARANG

9. PEER TUTORING9. PEER TUTORING
• Purpose: to have one student help anotherPurpose: to have one student help another
to learn.to learn.
• Use: seldom; teacher provide moreUse: seldom; teacher provide more
assistance to students who need it; inassistance to students who need it; in
context of team learning.context of team learning.
• Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire class)Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire class)
• Activity: discuss the topic with classmate,Activity: discuss the topic with classmate,
games, drillgames, drill
KARANG

10. PROGRAMMED10. PROGRAMMED
INSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION
• Purpose: to attractPurpose: to attract
students, tostudents, to
individualized instruction.individualized instruction.
• Use: not very often;Use: not very often;
associated with computerassociated with computer
technology.technology.
• Activity: individuaklizedActivity: individuaklized
instruction, learninginstruction, learning
centres, exploratory-centres, exploratory-
discoverydiscovery
Sunday, January 3, 2016Sunday, January 3, 2016 SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG

11. INDIVIDUALIZED11. INDIVIDUALIZED
INSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION
• Purpose: to present each student withPurpose: to present each student with
learning materials that have beenlearning materials that have been
especially selected for him / her.especially selected for him / her.
• Use: frequently; to promote greatestUse: frequently; to promote greatest
progress for each students.progress for each students.
• Group size: 1:1 (repeated)Group size: 1:1 (repeated)
• Activity: teacher match learning materialsActivity: teacher match learning materials
with individual students’ needs andwith individual students’ needs and
abilities, peer reviewabilities, peer review
KARANG

11. INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION11. INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION
• Purpose: to present each student withPurpose: to present each student with
learning materials that have beenlearning materials that have been
especially selected for him / her.especially selected for him / her.
• Use: frequently; to promote greatestUse: frequently; to promote greatest
progress for each students.progress for each students.
• Group size: 1:1 (repeated)Group size: 1:1 (repeated)
• Activity: teacher match learningActivity: teacher match learning
materials with individual students’materials with individual students’
needs and abilities, peer reviewneeds and abilities, peer review
KARANG

12. NOTE-TAKING12. NOTE-TAKING
• Purpose: to enable students toPurpose: to enable students to
record information in an organizedrecord information in an organized
and abbreviated formand abbreviated form
• Use:Use: very wide; traditionalvery wide; traditional
• Activity:Activity:
KARANG

13. JOURNAL-KEEPING13. JOURNAL-KEEPING
• Purpose: encourage students to keen
for observations and record keeping
• Use: frequent; in problem-solving
method
• Activity: project, field trip,
individualized instruction
KARANG

1.1. DemonstrationDemonstration
2.2. Field tripField trip
3.3. ContactContact
4.4. ““Hands-on”/LabHands-on”/Lab
5.5. InquiryInquiry
6.6. Learning centreLearning centre
7.7. ProjectProject
8.8. SimulationSimulation
9.9. GamesGames
10.10. Exploratory-Exploratory-
DiscoveryDiscovery
KARANG

1.1. DEMONSTRATIONDEMONSTRATION
• Purpose: to enable students to see and
follow a series of steps; to witness a
phenomena or events
• Use: always; to prepare students to
conduct their own experience in lab
• Student: active
• Group size: 5-30
• Activity: demo in lab (cut cost, time,
safe-guard to students)
KARANG

1. DEMONSTRATION1. DEMONSTRATION
• Purpose: to enable
students to see and
follow a series of steps;
to witness a phenomena
or events
• Use: always; to prepare
students to conduct their
own experience in lab
• Student: active
• Activity: demo in lab (cut
cost, time,
KARANG

2. FIELD TRIP2. FIELD TRIP
• Purpose: to provide
students with
experiences that cannot
take place in the
classroom, i.e. outdoor
• Use: frequent
anticipation
• Teacher dominance:
high
• Student: both active
• Group size: 30 or more
• Activity: nature,
wilderness, parks,
museums, zoos, etc.
KARANG

3. CONTRACT3. CONTRACT
• Purpose: to guide students towards
independence in learning
• Use: common practice in school
• Teacher dominance: medium to high
• Student: passive
• Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire
class)
• Activity: oral reports, drill, projects
KARANG

4. “HANDS-ON”/LAB4. “HANDS-ON”/LAB
• Purpose: students have
opportunity to solve
problems
• Use: frequent;
experiment, art, cooking,
science subject
medium
• Student: active
• Activity: exploratory-
discovery, inquiry, field
trips, lab projects
KARANG

5. INQUIRY5. INQUIRY
• Purpose: enable students
to gain experience and
confidence in their ability
to find answers to
questions problems that
interest them
• Use: widely used
medium
• Student: 1-30
• Activity: questioning,
exploratory-discovery,
• problem solving
KARANG

6. LEARNING CENTER6. LEARNING CENTER
• Purpose: promote independent
learning among students
• Use: commonly use
• Student: actively involved
• Group size: 1:1 (repeated with
entire class)
• Activity: games, simulations,
exploratory-discovery
KARANG

7. PROJECTS7. PROJECTS
• Purpose: increase students’
involvement with conceptual ideas
and to develop skills that might not
be developed by other methods
• Group size: 1-5 (repeated)
• Activity: oral report, written reports,
note-taking
KARANG

8. SIMULATION8. SIMULATION
• Purpose: to increase
students’ abilities to
apply concepts to the
solution of problems;
resolve social issues;
see other point of view
• Use: often; more
successful when life like
materials are use
• Student: actively
involved
• Activity: simulating an
animal behavior
KARANG

9. GAMES9. GAMES• Purpose: creates
enjoyment to learning
• Use: adapted to variety
of subjects
low
• Students: actively
invoved
• Activity: animal
population density;
food chain, “jejak
kelawar”, etc.
KARANG

10. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY10. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY
• Purpose: promote students self-
guided learning, curiosity, desire to
know and freedom to explore
• Use: often, wide, spontaneous
• Activity: inquiry, problem solving,
exploration
KARANG

10. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY10. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY
•Purpose: promote students self-guided
learning, curiosity, desire to know and
freedom to explore
•Use: often, wide, spontaneous
•Student: actively involved
•Group size: 1-30
•Activity: inquiry, problem solving,
exploration
KARANG

11. VIRTUAL LEARNING OBJECTS (VLO)11. VIRTUAL LEARNING OBJECTS (VLO)
• Purpose: support learning using
computer, internet, digital & web-based
resources
• Use: ICT era very frequent
• Activity: animation of cell replication;
seed germination; mitosis; meiosis
KARANG

11. VIRTUAL LEARNING OBJECTS (VLO)11. VIRTUAL LEARNING OBJECTS (VLO)
KARANG

ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT
• In a group of 2 persons, choose ONE
method of teaching Biology for Form 4 or 5
(for a topic of your group’s choice)
• Use double period of teaching using either
the laboratory, classroom, or nature
outdoor.
• Select most suitable teaching-learning aids
(if needed) relevant to your topic
• Present your teaching, either by applying the
experimentation, demonstration, group
work, or outdoor nature.
KARANG

GOOD LUCK & THANK YOU
KARANG

SMDH 2015 TG. KARANG: METHODS OF T&L SCIENCE (BIOLOGY)

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