1. Social Cognitive TheorySocial Cognitive Theory
A theory of learning that focuses
on changes in behavior that
result from observing others.

2. The role of expectationThe role of expectation
Believe that reinforcement and punishers
create expectations that in turn influence
behavior.
People respond to their expectation means
they are aware of which behavior will be
reinforced or punished.
As teacher, we must clearly specify the
behavior you will reinforce and provide
students with clear feedback so they know
what behavior have been reinforced.

3. Reciprocal causationReciprocal causation
Behavior, the environment, and personal
factors, such as expectations, are
interdependent.
Each influences the other two.

4. ModelingModeling
Behavior, cognitive, and affective changes
deriving from observing one or more
models.
Teachers play a very important role in
demonstrating skills and displaying
courtesy and respect for others,
tolerance for dissenting opinions,
motivation to learn, and other attitudes
and values.

5. Andy’s case studyAndy’s case study
Ms Wong does not demonstrate the
right skills: critical thinking skills, study
strategies.
Ms Wong does not display respect to
Andy and does not motivate him to
study.

6. Cognitive ModelingCognitive Modeling
The process of incorporating
demonstrations together with
verbalization of model’s thoughts and
reasons for performing the given actions.
Learners benefit from the thinking of
experts.

7. Andy’s case studyAndy’s case study
Ms Wong does not put her thinking into
words and does not encourage students
to share their thoughts.
No specific, concrete examples of how
to think about and solve problems.
No demonstration in thought process,
students cannot think critically when
sitting for tests and exams. Only have
factual knowledge.

8. Vicarious learningVicarious learning
The process of people observing the
consequences of other’s actions and
adjusting their own behavior accordingly.

9. Nonoccurrence of expectedNonoccurrence of expected
consequencesconsequences
Bee Chu was not reprimanded for
laughing at Andy. This act as a
reinforcement to Bee Chu, and she will
continue to laugh at Andy.
Andy studied for the science test, but his
effort was not recognized. In fact Ms
Wong scolded him for not doing well.
nonoccurrence of reinforcement act as
punisher. Andy is less likely to work hard
in the future.

10. Function of modelingFunction of modeling
Learning new behaviors
Facilitating existing behaviors
Changing inhibitions
Arousing emotions

11. Processes involved in learning fromProcesses involved in learning from
modelsmodels
Attention: a learner’s attention is drawn
to the critical aspects of the modeled
behavior.
Retention: the modeled behaviors are
transferred to memory by mentally
verbalizing or visually representing them.

12. Processes involved in learning fromProcesses involved in learning from
modelsmodels
Reproduction: learners reproduce the
behaviors that have been stored in
memory.
Motivation: learners are motivated by the
expectation of reinforcement for
reproducing the modeled behaviors.

13. Self-regulationSelf-regulation
The process of accepting responsibility
for and taking control of one’s own
learning.
Includes: setting goals, monitoring
progress, self-assessment and self-
reinforcement.

14. Andy’s case studyAndy’s case study
Andy can set achievable goals that focus
in helping him to increase in skills and
abilities.
Monitor his progress
Self-assess
Self-reinforcement: reward himself when
he achieve his goals.

15. 4 Processes involved in learning4 Processes involved in learning
from modelsfrom models
Attention: observe critical aspects of
model’s behavior
Retention: transfer information to
memory
Reproduction: imitate model’s behavior
Motivation: learners are motivated by the
expectation of reinforcement for
producing the modeled behaviours.