Comets - history and exploration
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This document summarizes the history of comet exploration. It describes how comets were initially seen as omens of disaster by ancient cultures but were later determined to follow predictable orbits by Halley. The 20th century saw significant advances in comet observation including spacecraft missions like Giotto, Stardust, Deep Impact and Rosetta that provided insights into comet composition and origins. Current theories suggest comets may have delivered water and organic molecules to early Earth. The most observed comet ever was ISON, intensely studied by spacecraft and ground telescopes in 2013 before disintegrating near the Sun.
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Comets - history and exploration
- 2. Imagine… You are living on the plains 5000 years ago Each evening as it gets dark, you go out and watch the sky…
- 3. The Sun Sets… And the same stars appear…
- 5. They shift just a little
- 7. The Moon…
- 9. Every year, the same stars mean Spring…
- 10. … the river will flood…
- 11. …get the harvest in before the locusts come
- 12. The skies are a guide…
- 13. A calendar,
- 15. Something out of place
- 16. What could it Mean??
- 17. Disaster!
- 18. “destruction, storm and frost”
- 19. War
- 20. Bayeux Tapestry http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/ Long Live The King - Scene 1
- 21. A disaster for every comet… http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/medi a/f_ancient.html
- 22. But then… Edmund Halley convinced Issac Newton to work out the orbits of several comets, and realized the comets of 1531, 1607 and 1682 were actually the same comet!
- 23. Comets are solar system objects! Predictable, and understandable! Exciting, and NOT a disaster! Punch, 1909
- 24. Comet hunting in the 18th century
- 25. Comet observing in the Donati’s comet, 1858 “Most beautiful comet” th 19 Century
- 27. Comet Anatomy Parts visible only when close to the Sun.
- 28. Ions Atoms & molecules missing electrons Often emit light -> Spectroscopy!
- 29. th 20 century observations Comet 1913 f, Delavan Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of the University of Michigan ; v. 3, Ann Arbor : The University, 1923
- 30. Disaster! Cyanogen gas found in Halley’s comet Earth would pass through the comet’s tail!! http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2010/12/con-men-and-comets.html
- 31. Questions only comets could answer How do planets / the solar system form? What materials were available to build planets? Where did Earth’s water come from?
- 32. ICE International Sun-Earth Explorer was designed to study the Sun-earth environment, but had the chance to fly through GiacobiniZinner’s tail! Pelted by dust grains Confirmed spectroscopic measurements
- 34. Stardust Flew through coma of Wild 2 Returned a sample
- 36. Life from comets? Comets may have brought the water, carbon, nitrogen, and organic molecules in to the inner solar system! Stardust samples included glycerin! Matthew Genge / Imperial College London
- 37. Deep Impact Impacted Temple 1 Comet was softer than expected!
- 38. “sungrazer” ISON Most observed comet ever In addition to ground based observers, including amateurs, many spacecraft watched the comet Mike Hankey, Nov. 15, 2013, Auberry, California.
- 39. End of ISON Nov 28, 2013 http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/hotshots/index.html/
- 40. Rosetta Rendezvous on January 20, 2014 with comet 67P/Churyumov– Gerasimenko Obit until November, then send a lander
- 43. Waiting for the next Hale Bopp http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/guests_photos.asp?ID=5001238
Notas do Editor
- Yakut legend in ancient Mongolia called comets "the daughter of the devil," and warned of destruction, storm and frost, whenever she approaches the earth.http://deepimpact.umd.edu/science/comets-cultures.html
- http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/media/f_ancient.htmlTypes of cometary forms, illustrations from Johannes Hevelius' Cometographia (Danzig, 1668)
- http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/Long Live The King - Scene 1Halley’s comet is top, center, the day Edward’s funeral and Harold’s corronation. The ships at bottom portend the coming Norman invasion.Supposedly, William the conqueror saw the comet and took it as a sign that it was time to invade England.
- http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/media/f_ancient.html
- Would return in 1758
- http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=205
- Messier’s list of 110 fuzzy objects that weren’t comets (also found 44 comets, about 20 of which were true discoveries)
- This image is from Harvard, but many observations were made at the Detroit Observatory
- Captured using the single prism spectrograph on the 34-1/2” at the Detroit Observatory. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1923POMic...3..264C/0000295.000.html
- http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2010/12/con-men-and-comets.htmlMass of Halley’s comet:1014 kgMass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5x1018 kgThe amount of air on Earth is 50,000 times greater than the entire mass of Halley’s comet!
- Goodrich & Ward, “The Formation of Planetesimals” 1973
- http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/images/halley.htmlLumpy, dark, lots of organics, lots of water, localized jets
- journal Meteoritics and Planetary Science; August 2009, Jamie Elsilahttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stardust/news/stardust_amino_acid.htmlan amino acid used to build proteins
- Comets can bring disaster
- But most bring beauty
- And we wouldn’t be here without them